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MISSOURI 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO 
ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN & CO., Limited 

LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. 

TORONTO 



TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES 



S UPPLEMENTA R Y I 'OL UME 



MISSOURI 



J. U. BARNARD 

PRINCIPAL HrXIBOLDT SCHOOL, KANSAS CITY, 
MISSOURI 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
1908 

All rights reserved 






U8«ARY Of OONoSe^ 

Two CeplM HecetvAi 

MAR ]8lii03 

iU8» Ol. XXc. no. 

oopy'b. 



Copyright, 1908, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up and electrotyped. Published March, 1908. 



NoriDooli i^rfgs 

I. S. CushiiiK Co. — Herwiuk & Smith Co. 

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 



PREFACE 

The author has aimed to get hold of the salient facts and forces 
whicli have made the state of Missouri what it is. The contour 
of the region, the character of its soil, the products of its farms and 
factories, and the centers of commerce, together with the means of 
transportation, have been chosen as the main subjects for treatment 
in these pages. Place geography has been enforced by presenting 
products in their proper relation to their origin, as it has been gen- 
erally admitted that isolated facts have small value, and that cor- 
related ideas lead back to great principles and systems. 

Causes are here reached by a study of effects as concrete results. 
While the adult may go from causes to effects, the child most 
naturally goes from effects to causes. What is it, whence came it, 
how did it come to be as it is, is the order of the child-mind. 

The common things of the everyday lives of the pupils are rich 
with materials for training and culture, and the teacher should learn 
their value in teaching local and state geography. 

With but few exceptions, the illustrations found in the volume 
are from original sources, and the author hopes they will add clear- 
ness and interest to the discussion. 

J. U. BARNARD. 

Principal Humboldt School, 

Kansas City, Missouri, 

February 25, 1908. 



CONTENTS 



Historical Development 

General Geographical Features of the State 

The Soils of the State 

Agriculture and Horticulture 

The Mineral Wealth of the State 

Live Stock and Poultry 

Manufactuuincj Interests 

State Government 

State Institutions 

Transportation 

Cities and Towns of the State 

Appendix : 

Value of Surplus Products by Counties 
Statistics of Counties .... 
Cities with Population between 1,000 and :5.000 
Cities with Population of o.OOO and over . 



PAGE 

1 



MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 

The Capitol at Jefferson City Frontispiece ^ 

Map of Missouri fa^'i^m 1 -^ 

The Mississippi Valley 1 

Missouri and her Neighbors *2 

Platte Purchase 5 

A Modern Farmhouse 6 

Principal Surface Divisions . 8 

Relief Map of Missouri fadnff ^ 

Scene in the Rolling Prairie in Cass County 9 

Principal Soils of the State 12 

Meadow and Cornfields in Saline County 15 

Principal Cotton Counties of Missouri 1(3 

One of the Products of the Garden 17 

An Apple Orchard at Willow Spring .18 

Packing Peaches for Shipment at St. Elmo 19 

A Steam Drill at Work 21 

Lead, Zinc, and Coal 22 

View of Zinc Mine near Joplin 28 

The Head of a Fine Herd in Cass County 24 

A Herd of Herefords feeding in a Rich Valley in Jackson County . . .25 

A Car-load of Fine INIissouri IVIules 26 

P'ine Chickens from Jackson County 27 

A View at Washington, including the Cob-pipe Factory .... 28 

Senatorial Districts 80 

Congressional Districts .31 

Judicial Circuits 83 

Congressional Township 34 

Main Buildings of Normal School at Kirksville 35 

Academic Hall, Cape Girardeau Normal School 30 

General View of Buildings, Warrensburg Normal School . . . .87 

University of Missouri — Administration Building 88 

Mississippi River Steamer 40 

ix 



MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 



PAGE 



City Hall, St. Louis . . .• 43 

The Long Bridge across the INIississippi River at St. Louis . . . .45 

]\Iissouri Wharf at Kansas City 46 

In the Retail Section of Kansas City 47 

Sheep from the Pastures ready for the I^Iarket 49 

View of Zinc Mines at Joplin . 51 

Avery's Bluif, Noel, Missouri .52 

In the Cypress Swamps in Southeast IMissouri ...... 55 

A Beautiful Scene among the Many in the Southern Part of the State . . 56 



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MISSOURI 



HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 



Growth. — Missouri occupies a central position in the LTnited 
States. In population and material resources she ranks fifth among 
the states of the country. Her development has been rapid, and her 
growth in the elements of strength has been satisfactory to lier 
citizens (Fig. 2). 
The first settlers 
came from the 
North and the 
East, and from 
the lands beyond 
the sea. At a 
later time they 
came from Vir- 
ginia, Tennessee, 
and Kentucky, — 
a hardy, industri- 
ous, and intelli- 
gent people bent 
upon making 
homes in the then 
new West. Mis- 
souri has kept 




Fk;. -2. 
The Mississippi Viilley. 



pace with the progress of the surrounding states ; her central posi- 
tion in the Mississippi Valley, her fertile soil, and favorable cli- 
mate liave contributed much to her great progress and develo})ment 
(Fig. 3). 

Explorations. — Explorers, many of them, came to "sp}' out the 
land," but as a rule little of permanent value was accomplished by 
them. Some were looking for personal wealth, — gold and silver 
and precious gems, — while others desired to add to the possessions 

1 



2 MISSOURI 

of their own countries. Perhaps the most important thing they did 
was to make known the riches of the soil of the new country, the 
value and extent of its mineral wealth, and the promise of reward 
for honest toil. 

I)e Soto. — Among the men whose desire led them to hunt for 
fame and wealth in the new country was Hernando de Soto, a 
Spanish explorer, who spent much time in conquest. He succeeded 









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Fig. 3. 
Missouri and her Neighbors. 

in acquiring half a million dollars, and fitted out an expedition to 
the New World. Attracted by the reports of fabulous wealth to be 
found in Florida and in the region beyond, he landed at Tampa Bay 
and traveled over the country to the Mississippi River, which he 
reached in 1541. Here at the lower Chickasaw Bluff, a short distance 
below the present site of Memphis, Tennessee, De Soto and his men 
crossed the Mississippi and entered Missouri near New Madrid 
County. Spurred on by further promise of wealth, he changed his 
course to the westward and penetrated the state some two hundred 
miles, probably well into the Ozark Mountains. He found his way 
to Hot Springs, Arkansas, where he passed tlie winter of 1541-1542. 
But De Soto's men grew discouraged and became desperate. They 



HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 6 

turned again toward the sea and turned back to the Mississippi, 
near the city of Natchez. Here De Soto was seized with a malignant 
fever from which he soon died. " In the midst of the solemn night 
his sorrowful companions wrapped the dead hero's body in a flag, 
and rowing out a distance from shore, sunk it in the Mississippi." 

Marquette and Joliet. — In the year 1673 Marquette, a Jesuit 
missionary, and Joliet, a fur trader, moved Ao\ni from the North 
and entered the Mississippi River. For a full month their canoes 
carried them to the South, beyond the mouth of tlu; Arkansas River, 
to within a short distance of the southern line of the state by that 
name. They turned their boats up-stream and entered the mouth 
of the Illinois. Marquette gave attention to his work as a mission- 
ary among the Indians, while Joliet looked after matters of trade, 
giving out hatchets and trinkets in exchange for articles which he 
secured from the Indians. 

La Salle. — In 1062 La Salle explored the Mississi[)[)i River to 
its mouth and in formal way took possession of tlie entire country 
in the name of France. Thus, for the first time, a detinite claim was 
made to this territory which La Salle called Louisiana in honor of 
his king. In the fifty years which followed many attempts were 
made at settlements, but always with a view to mining gold and 
silver. In 1705 a prospecting party of French ascended the Mis- 
souri River to the present site of Kansas City. At a still later date 
an expedition was led into the interior of the state from the south- 
east, over the Ozark Mountains to the Osage River ; and then on 
to the west for a distance of about one hundred miles. Most of 
their time was taken up, however, with hunting and fishing and 
mining. 

Settlement. — It was not until 1735 that a permanent settlement 
was effected in this territory. This was at Ste. Genevieve, within 
tliree miles of the present town of that name, some sixty miles to 
the south of St. Louis. The people traded with the Indians and 
learned to mine the lead they found there in such abundance. After 
preparing it for the market, the lead was shipped down the river 
in boats to New Orleans and thence to France. 

St. Louis. — St. Louis was the second important i)ermanent 
settlement made on Missouri soil. Pierre LacltMlc, a shrewd busi- 
ness man, was the founder of the place. He secured a monopoly 
of the fur trade with the Indians, explored the region about the 
Mississippi, cleared away the timber for the town, and established 



4 MISSOURI 

a lucrative business. This was about 1764. Here was the begin- 
ning of the largest city in the state. 

St. Charles. — About this time, probably later (1769), St. 
Charles was founded. The meaning of tlie original name was 
"The Village of the Hills." It was the seat of the first forts that 
were built for the protection of the people against the attacks of 
the savages. Many Indian wars were fought here, and numerous 
massacres occuri-ed in the place. 

Change of Ownership. — It was in 1763 that France ratified a 
treaty by which she surrendered her title to Missouri, and Spain 
acquired ownership of the territory, while England got possession 
on the east of the Mississippi. Many of the French on the east 
side of the river, desiring to escape English rule, crossed over into 
Missouri, thus greatly increasing the number of French, inhabitants 
under Spanish rule. Spanish rule in Missouri was very satisfactory 
to the people. The lands were systematically surveyed, grants of 
land previously made were confirmed, and confidence was greatly 
strengthened. The people were not burdened with taxes, and the 
spirit of freedom pervaded the colonies. By secret negotiations, 
however, about the year 1800, France came again into possession 
of the country. In recent years the number of inhabitants had been 
constantly increasing. New colonies had been established, and these 
had made rapid growth, so that by 1800 the entire population of 
Missouri exceeded six thousand people. In less than four years 
from this time, when the transfer from France to the United States 
was made, the number had increased to more than nine thousand. 

Louisiana Purchase. — France held the territory for a compara- 
tively short time. Several circumstances contributed most strongly 
to bring about a transfer of the territory to the United States : — 

1. England was at war with Napoleon, and she was in a position 
to thwart any effort he might make to take possession of the terri- 
tory in a definite way. 

2. Napoleon needed all the forces at his command to operate on 
land, and he saw that he could not successfully oppose the move- 
ments of England. 

3. He was also greatly in need of money to meet the expenses 
of the army. 

4. In addition to these discouragements which confronted Napo- 
leon, President Jefferson was protesting against France making any 
attempt to assume control of the territory. 



HISTOEICAL DEVELOPMENT 



ATCHISON ! j 

! N U A W A Y ' 



Under such conditions as these, and l)eing especially anxious to 
put the territory beyond the control of England, Napoleon offered 
to sell it to the United States. Terms were arranged, and the pur- 
chase was made in 1803 for tlie sum of fifteen million dollars. In 
1804 the formal transfer was made to the United States, and nine 
hundred thousand S(j[uare miles of territory were added to our 
domain. 

Daniel Boone. — Daniel Boorie, the great liunter and explorer of 
these early times, moved from Ken- 
tucky to Missouri in 1795 and settled 
in what is now Warren County. He 
did great service to his country by his 
explorations. Congress gave him one 
thousand acres of land in recognition 
of the services he had rendered. He 
died in 1820 in St. Charles County, 
about six miles from the Missouri 
River. After a })eriod of twenty-five 
years his remains and those of liis wife 
were taken back to Kentucky, wliere 
they were reinterred with pomp and 
ceremony. 

The Platte Purchase. — Six counties 
constitute what is known as the Platte 
Purchase, a triangular eorner of the 
state situated between the Missouri River and a line drawn from the 
mouth of the Kansas River due north to the Iowa border. This 
tract was ceded to the United States by the Sac, Fox, and Iowa 
Indians, and by an act of Congress in 1837 it became a part of the 
state of Missouri (Fig. 4). 

Such movements as those discussed above — the discoveries, 
settlements, and purchases of large areas of country — tell the story 
of the geographical growth of a great section of the United States. 

Life of the Pioneer. — The lot of the pioneer was not an easy 
one. In the first place the soil was in its primitive or wild state. 
The timbered regions were covered with natural forests, composed 
of hickory, elm, ash, oak, walnut, and maple. These lands were 
cleared off and fenced by the settlers and made ready for the crops. 
In the prairie country the tough sod was broken out by heavy teams ; 
usually the ox team was in use, For a time there were no sawmills, 




Fig. 4. 
Platte Purchase. 



6 



MISSOURI 



no factories of any kind. The dwellings were log houses, made of 
timbers taken from the forests, hewed flat with hand axes, and fitted 
together by saddle-notches. Hand-made clapboards were their 
shingles, and their doors were made out of rough boards, while the 
lock and hinges were of wood. Cook stoves were not in use, and 
farm machinery was of the crudest type. 

Modern Ideas. — In later years modern methods have been 
introduced everywhere, — in the house, on the farm, and in the shop. 




fi- ' .A^-" 



Fig. 5. 
A Modern Farmhouse. 



Labor-saving machinery is in general use, and old plans of w^ork 
have passed away. We have modern plows, harrows, and wagons ; 
and reapers, threshers, and planters are in common use. The log 
(;abin has long since clisappeared, and the substantially built dwelling, 
providing for every comfort and convenience, has taken its place 
(Fig. 5). Towns and cities have developed out of the needs of the 
people, and the great factory, provided with every form of machinery, 
does the work of a thousand men. 

Expansion. — The history of the expansion of government in the 
state is an interesting one, but it is too lengthy for recital here. 
The first legislative body, known as the council, was composed of 



GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE STATE 7 

one member from each of the five counties into which the state 
was divided. These counties were Cape Girardeau, New Madrid, 
St. Charles, Ste. (lenevieve, and St. I^ouis. On August 10, 1821, 
Missouri was admitted as a state, with twenty-four counties. At 
the present time there are one hundred and fourteen counties and 
the city of St. Louis. The city of St. Louis is without county 
organization, but sustains to the state the same rehitions as a 
county. ' 

Extent. — From the Mississippi River on the east to the Kansas 
line on the west it is 320 miles, and from the Iowa line on the nortli 
to the Arkansas line on the south it is 328 miles. The total area 
of the state is 69,415 square miles, 680 square miles being water 
surface. 

Practical Qitestions. — (1) Give a short account of the dispute which arose 
in Congress over tlie question of slavery at the time of the admission of Mis- 
souri into the Union. ("2) Who were the Confederate soldiers? The Federal 
soldiers? (:5) Did Missouri secede from the Union? (4) Should the remams of 
Daniel Boone have been kept upon ]\[issouri soil? (5) Trace the course of De 
Soto from Tampa Bay to Missouri and back to the place of his death and burial. 
Make a diagram of the route. 



GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE STATE 

Surface Divisions. — The surface of the state divides itself into two 
great sections, the prairie section and the Ozark or elevated region. 
The two are loosely separated by a line drawn from Lamar to Sechdia, 
and from Sedalia through Warrenton, and on to the river a few miles 
below St. Louis. On tlie east and south of tliis line is found the 
rougher and mountainous region of the state, and on the west and 
north of it is found the prairie section. 

Prairie Region. — Most of the northern part of the state is a 
level prairie country, diversified with valleys and slightly elevated 
regions. Ridges and broken mounds break the monotony of the 
level stretches of the smoother country (Fig. 6). Where once 
native wild grasses covered thousands of acres we now find every 
product of field and meadow. With some exceptions the prairie 
section is well watered and contains highly cultivated agricultural 
lands. From the southern and southeastern border of this section 
the elevation gradually rises from six or eight liundred feet to an 
altitude of about eleven liundred feet in the northwestern part of the 



8 



MISSOURI 



state (Fig, 7). That portion which includes Hannibal and Louisiana 
is covered with bluffs and valleys, once covered with a tine quality of 
oak and elm timber. The southern part of the prairie section is 
especially well suited to the raising of a fine quality of winter wheat. 
The streams of the prairie section are fringed with timber, while the 
alluvial soils are among the richest and most jiroductive. The lower 




Fig. (i. 
Principal Surface Divisions. 

prairies are found in the eastern portion, while the higher prairies 
are found in the western part. 

Ozark Region. — This region lies in the southern part of tlie 
state, almost entirely on the south side of the Missouri River. The 
altitude of this section is much higher than any other portion of the 
state, rising from eight hundred to seventeen hundred feet above 
the level of the sea. This is the rugged part of the state where a 
large number of hills, or a series of hills, is found, with' many val- 
leys, more or less abrupt. In many parts the valleys are narrow and 



GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE STATE 



9 



steep. The highest elevations are in Wright and Webster counties. 
Limestones, sandstones, and granites are found in different parts of 
the section, the limestone formation predominating. In the southern 
part of the state, including about eight counties, are large quantities 
of lands which were at one time worthless swamps. These have 
been thoroughly dried by a system of drainage, and they now pro- 
duce immense crops of corn and cotton. 



v-fc ' 




^.. j#if^ "'i^r-Si^Mi^i. ^^^•tf'.'v^-! 




Scene in the Rolling Fniirie in Cass County 

Ozark Border. — Between the prairie and Ozark regions is what 
is termed the Ozark border. The extremes and variety of elevation 
of the two great divisions of tiie state are less marked here. (See 
Fig. 6.) 

Drainage. — From what has been said the drainage of the state 
will be easily understood. Missouri has two of the largest rivers in 
the world. The INIississippi River touches the entire eastern border 
of the state and drains extensive areas of land. The Missouri 
washes the northwestern part of the state, turns eastward at Kansas 
City, runs across the state, and enters the Mississippi a few miles 



10 MISSOURI 

north of the city of St. Louis, making a distance of more than six 
hundred and fifty miles. 

Tributaries. — The Chariton, Grand, Phitte, and Nodoway are 
the principal rivers which enter the Missouri River from the north. 
The Fox, Salt, Fabius, and Cuivre rivers of northeast Missouri flow 
into the Mississippi. The waters of the Nishnabotna, One Hundred 
and Two, Platte, Grand, and Chariton find their way into the 
Missouri from the north ; while those of the Big Sniabar, Blue, 
Lamine, Osage, and Gasconade reach the Missouri from the south. 
The Des Peres and the Meramec, together with a large number of 
creeks, rising on the south of the Missouri, flow into the Mississippi ; 
while the Castor, the Little, the St. Francis, and the Black rivers 
move southwardly into the Arkansas and thence into the ^Mississippi. 
Current River, Eleven Point, White River, and many smaller tribu- 
taries carry off the waters of the southern slope of the Ozark Hills. 
Elk and Spring rivers drain off the waters of the southwestern 
portion of tlie state. 

Living Water. — iNIany very fine springs are found in the Ozark 
region of the state. Many of them are large enough and furnish 
force enough for the operation of mills and other factories. These 
large springs are numerous, especially in the southern counties, 
where, in some cases, ten million cubic feet of water is discharged 
each day. Throughout the j)rairie section of the state water is 
secured in great quantity for man and beast by boring, driving, and 
digging wells. 

Caves. — In the rougher portions of the state, mostly south of the 
Missouri, there are many interesting caves. The stalagmites and 
stalactites found in tlie chambers and the lakes discovered in some 
of them are objects of profitable study. The Hannibal cave, not 
far from the Mississippi River, just south of Hannibal, Cliff cave, 
thirteen miles south of St. Louis, Fiede's cave, and others in Phelps 
County, and the saltpeter caves along the Gasconade River are 
among the most important. The saltpeter from numerous caves 
in the state was at one time the source of profit in the making of 
gunpowder. 

Timber. — The timber products of ^Missouri surpass those of her 
neighljois, witli tlie possible exception of Arkansas. Forests of 
yellow pine, cypress, gum, and poplar are found in the southeastern 
portion of the state. Immense plants for the manufacture of lumber 
liave been established at favorable points in this section. Hardwoods 



G EN Ell A L GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE STATE 11 

in large quantities are located in the southern part of the state and 
to a limited extent in other sections. jNIillions of feet are shipped 
over this and otlier states. Walnut, liickory, maple, and, in some 
places, cedar are worked in the uncleared areas of the state. Many 
of the most valua])lc s[)C('ies of timl)er are raj^idly disappearing, among 
them being wahiut and hard maple. 

Building Stone. — In almost every section of the state good 
building stone is quarried, and in some parts large quantities are 
taken. Some (i[ualities are shipped to other states. Limestone, of 
the hardest and most durable quality, and sandstone are in popular 
demand for bnilding purposes. Red and gray granites, found in 
great quantities, are in demand for the paving of the streets of towns 
and cities. St. Francis, Iron, and Madison counties furnish a hard 
granite for building purposes and for the making of a good quality 
of monuments. 

Gravel Pits. — In St. Louis and Franklin counties, and in some 
other sections, inexhaustible quantities of gravel and pebbles are 
found. These materials are valuable in the making of Macadam 
roads and streets. 

Climate. — The climate of Missouri, taken in combination witli the 
richness and variety of the soil found here, makes possible many 
varieties and grades of products. Missouri is in the central part 
of the Mississippi Valley, and hence is in the temperate zone. The 
two important elements of climate are temperature and moisture. 
A favorable showing is made when we look at these two elements. 
The yearly mean temperature of the state is fifty-four degrees, which 
is higlier than most of the surrounding states. Periods of extremes 
of heat and cold are of short duration as a rule. Daring the winter 
montlis the temperature at times falls to eight or ten degrees below 
zero, but rarely lower, but the heat of summer seldom reaches ninety- 
live degrees. The genuine hot Kansas winds are never known in 
Missouri. Tlie average rainfall for the state is slightly over thirty- 
nine inches, " ranging from thirty-four inches in the northwestern 
to forty-six inches in the southeastern counties. " The distribution 
of rainfall thi-ougli the seasons of the year is quite favorable to the 
growth and maturity of the crops. 

Questions. — (1) TTow does a ])rairie section differ from a liill country? 
(2) Give an acconnt of the New ]\Iadrid eartlKjuake. ('■]) Name navigable rivers 
in the state other than the Missouri and the ]\lississippi. (4) What timbers are 
most in use at this time for the niakinq; of huuber? 



12 



MISSOURI 



THE SOILS OF THE STATE 

Definition of Soil. —The soil is the upper part of the earth which 
contains the nutriment of plants, or is adapted to their support. 
There is a great variety of soils in Missouri, ranging from those of 
limited richness to those possessing the highest degree of fertility. 
(See Fig. 8.) 

Alluvium. — Large bodies of alluvial soil are found along the 
Missouri and the Mississippi rivers and in more limited areas along 




Fig. 8. 

Principal Soils of the State. 

a. Alluvium; h. Brown loam ; e. niack prairie ; d. Rolling prairie ; e. Level prairie ; /. Limestone shale 
clay; g. Sandy clay loam ; h. Red limestone clay, some flint ; i. Flinty limestone clay. 



the smaller streams. It is ricli and exceedingly pi'oductive, and 
varies in depth from six feet to two hundred. A large body of it is 
found in the southeastern corner of the state, comprising the whole 
of six counties and fractional parts of four or five others. Large 



THE SOILS OF THE STATE 13 

sections of tins land have been reclaimed from overflow })y the 
construction of a system of drainage ditches. Under state laws 
districts for assessment purposes were established and organized. 
The entire expense of the work, including the surveys of the land 
and the digging of the ditches, was assessed against the lands to be 
benefited, and all at a cost of from two to three dollars per acre. 

Brotrn Lodin. — This soil is from twenty to two hundred feet 
deep. An important body of it is found in the northwestern corner 
of the state, comprising about three-fourths of what is known as the 
Platte Purchase. (See Fig. 4.) The land is exceedingly rich, 
drains itself easily, and yet holds enough of moisture for the growing 
of fine crops. Corn, wheat, and oats, alfalfa and other kinds of hay, 
fruits and vegetables in great quantities and of fine quality, are 
produced by this soil. It is easily cultivated, and the surface is 
undulating and yet sufficiently level to be subject to cultivation. 

Bhiek Prairie. — This is the soil of the high prairie, lying 
prin('i})ally to the west of the middle portion of north Missouri. It 
is very fertile, containing, as it does, a large amount of vegetable 
matter duly eondjined with other important ingredients. It ranges 
in depth from four to twelve feet, is black in color, and yields readily 
and easily to cultivation. It resists the drought and is not easily 
exhausted. Corn grows in great abundance, as do hay and grass, 
and stock raising is a leading industry in this section. 

lloUing Prairie. — The soil of the uplands of the rolling prairie is 
dark in color, and ranges in depth from two to five feet. It is 
cultivated without difficulty, readily al>sorbs the warmth, and 
produces in good quantities. The water courses are plentiful and 
the surface is rolling. The valleys are similar to the black prairie 
section previously discussed. 

Level Prairie. — In the eastern part of north Missouri is what 
may be termed the level prairie. The soil here is not so deep as 
other portions discussed above, neither is it so rich, but it is adapted 
to the raising of corn and other grains and the different kinds of hay. 
When properly cultivated, the soil retains its moisture for a long 
period. It does not easily lose its fertility from continuous cultiva- 
tion, and readily responds to natural fertilizers. 

Characterisfics. — The chief characteristics of the five kinds of 
soil mentioned above may be summarized as follows : — 

1. The entire area is comparatively level, with here and there 
higher and rougher patches of land. 



14 MISSOURI 

2. The richness of the soil, decreasing in depth and fertility 
from west to east. 

3. Its adaptability to successful farming and stock raising. 

4. There is a very small amount of waste land in the entire area. 
Limestone Loam. — This soil is found in a limited area m the 

western part of the state, including all of Cass County, nearly all of 
Johnson, about half of Jackson, Bates, and Henry, and a fraction of 
Lafayette counties. It is rich and of a dark color, it is easily 
crushed or pulverized, and produces wheat, corn, and flax, and many 
varieties of grass. 

Smidy Loam. — This is a deep sandy soil and quite productive. 
It covers several of the best developed counties in the state, includ- 
ing Vernon and Barton and fractional parts of several counties on 
the east of them. Broom-corn, wheat, and corn, timothy and other 
grasses, grow easily and in abundance. 

Red Limestone Clay. — This is the soil of the Ozark border 
(p. 8). It is of a flinty red mixture, and ranges from one to four 
feet in depth. The wheat of this region is of a higli milling qual- 
ity, having a [)lump grain or berry of an exceptional quality. 

Flinty Limestone Clay. — The soil of the Ozark region as such is 
red or gray, and contains a large amount of flint. Hills and valleys 
prevail. This is ''The Land of the Big Red Apple." tSonie of the 
largest orchards in the world are found in this section of the state. 
Peaches and small fruit are raised in great abundance. Lai-ge areas 
of timbered land are still found here, and are valuable for the quan- 
tity of lumber produced. Its agricultural resources have been de- 
veloped to a limited degree only at this time. 

Soil Improvement. — 1. "Deep breaking of the soil, frequent 
and intelligent tillage, — these are the foundations of soil restoration." 

2. Proper drainage by ditches and terraces allows the circulation 
of the air through the soil, thus aiding the plant in the a2)propriation 
of suitable food. 

3. Fertility is restored or greatly increased by the use of fertil- 
izers, such as farm manures ; the rotation of crops, occasionally 
plowing under clover, cowpeas, and other crops, and by the applica- 
tion of commercial fertilizers. 

Qtestions and Sror.KSTiON's. — (1) Tt will be a profitable exercise for the 
children to make a cabinet collection of the soils of the conimniiity. (2) What 
is the nature of the richest soil of your neighborhood ? (3) IIow may soil be en- 
riched ? (4) Name some of the best commercial fertilizers, (ii) What is the 
effect upon soil, and especially upon crops, of a layer of compact clay beneath the 
gurface pf the ground ? How may such soil be improved ? 



AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 



15 



AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 

jNIissouri is essentially an agricultural state, though manufac- 
turing and mining are important industries. Many of her j^eople 
are directly or indirectly interested in the cultivation of crojjs. 
Many of our staple foods are the products of our own soil. The 
annual surplus of our corn, wheat, and other products of the farm 
exceeds twenty-three million dollars. 




)w and Ooriitields in Saline County. 



Corn. — One-eighth of the corn of the United States and one-tenth 
of the entire crop of the world is raised in Missouri. Few states 
average larger crops or produce a better quality of this cereal. The 
soil, the climate, and other conditions of the state make the raising 
of corn especially successful. The annual crop ranges in value close 
to one hundred million dollars. The length of tlie warm season, the 
limited number of excessively hot days and niglits, the clear days of 
summer, and the frequency and distribution of rain, all add to the 



16 



MISSOURI 



success of the Missouri corn crop. While corn is raised in abun- 
dance in every county in the state, yet the prairie section (Fig. 9) 
constitutes the great corn area. Within recent years great advance- 
ment has been made in corn production by intelligent seed selec- 
tion, coupled with right methods of cultivation. The quality of the 
grain lias been improved, and the average per acre has been largely 
increased. 

Wheat. — Wheat is our second farm crop. It is raised in good 
quantities in two-thirds of the counties of the state, but the banner 
counties are found along the Missouri River, in the southwestern part 



r" 



J ! ^-T- — 



I « 



I IIOITELL 

I 



I ! 



I R E ti O \ I 

; lU P L E V 




Fig. 10. 
Priucipal Cotton Couaties of 



of the state and along the Mississippi River, south of St. Louis. 
The annual yield ranges from sixty-two to seventy-five million 
bushels. 

In 190G the surplus flour and wheat combined, after supplying 
all the wants of the people, amounted to more than thirty-three 
million dollars. 

Hay. — Missouri produces large quantities of hay each year. The 
prairie region (Fig. 6) is especially noted for this product. While 
the banner counties are frequently found in north Missouri, yet Ver- 
non, Benton, and Bates produce very large quantities. The total 
value of the surplus hay of the state exceeds one hundred million 
dollars, most of it being baled and shipped to market over the 
railroads. 

Oats. — Oats is a general crop in the state, Lewis, Audrain, and 
Jackson counties raisingf the larger amounts. More than nine hun- 



AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 



17 



dred thousand buslu'ls arc sold each year, over and above what is 
needed for local use. 

Cotton. — While Missouri is not noted as a cotton state, yet cotton 
is raised in paying quantities in twelve of the southeast counties. 
(See Fig. 10.) The long warm summer season enables the cotton 
plant to mature before frost. In 1906 the total value of all cotton 
products raised in the state amounted to more than three and one- 
half million dollars. 

Grasses. — Besides the pastures which follow the cutting of the 
meadows, special grasses have been introduced to the great profit of 
the farmer. A fine quality of blue grass, together with other varieties, 
is raised in north Missouri, and clover and orchard grass have been 
introduced with great profit 
in the upland region. Alfalfa 
has been planted with good 
success in certain parts of the 
state. 

Other Crops. — Flax, rye, 
and broom -corn, clover and 
other varieties of grass seed, 
are raised with good profit. 
Potatoes are a good crop, the 
sweet and white varieties com- 
bined producing a surplus of more than a million two hundred 
thousand dollars. Tomatoes furnish a surplus of half a million 
dollars. 

Gardening. — Near the cities and large towns truck farming is a 
profitable business. At St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, and other 
places the rich lands near the city are used for this purpose. (See 
Fig. 11.) 

" The keystone of successful gardening is to stir the soil. 
often with four objects in view: — 




One 



Fi(i. 11. 
Proilucts of the Garden. 



Stir it 



To destroy the weeds. 

To ventilate the ground. 

To enrich the soil by the action of the air. 

To retain the moisture by preventing its evaporation." 

— Agriculture for Beginners. 
Fruits. — Missouri raises large quantities and many varieties of 
fruit. Neatly trimmed and well-developed orchards are found in 
every county. For many years the northwest part of the state has 



18 



MISSOURI 



been noted for its large ajDple orchards that have annually attracted 
many buyers from other states. For some time the Ozark region 
has been recognized as the most successful fruit-growing section in 
the state. Its suitable soil and its favorable climate, together with 
the application of scientific principles, have combined to produce 
varieties and qualities of fruit scarcely attained elsewhere. The 
total surplus crop of fresh fruits in the state in 1906 was in excess 
of six and a quarter million dollars. 



m 




I. 



'■j^^.-e:^:. 



Fig. 12. 
An Apple Orchard at Willow Spring. 



Apjiles. — Apples develop and mature well throughout the state, 
and large quantities are raised in every county. jNIissouri apples 
are shipped to every part of the United States and to Germany, 
England, and other foreign countries. The surplus apple crop of 
1906 was more than two million four hundred thousand dollars. 
(See. Fig. 12.) 

Peaches. — For some years, with rare exceptions, peaches have 
been confined largely to the southern part of the state. The soil 
of the Ozarks is specially adapted to their growth, and the south- 



AGRICULTURE AND UORTICULTURE 



19 



ern slope of the region protects the peach trees from the late frosts 
which are so fatal to the too early buds of other latitudes. (See 
Fig. 13.) 

Berries. — Berries are third in importance to apples and peaches. 
The southwestern part of the state is known for the quality and 
quantity of its strawberries and other small fruits. Tlie more 
extensive sections are planted near the shipping centers that the 




I'ackiiii; I't'SichL'S for Shipiuent at St. Elmo. 



markets may be the more easily reached. Neosho, Sarcoxie, Pierce 
City, Monett, Marionville, and West Plains ari; sliipping centers of 
this district. From one to two hundred dollars per acre is realized 
each year from tlic industry. The surjjlus strawberries of the state 
in 190() amounted to more than one million seven hundred thousand 
dollars. 

Grapes. — Grapes may be grown throughout the state. The 
Ozark region and the high lands along the rivers are especially well 
adapted to gra})e culture. Fine vineyards are freiiuently found 



20 MISSOURI 

upon the hillsides. In many places wine making has become an 
important industry. 

Melons. — In the southeastern part of the state is found one of the 
greatest melon regions in the country. Scott, Dunklin, and Missis- 
sippi counties, in the order named, are the largest producers. The 
soil of this section is especially adapted to the industry, and large 
quantities of watermelons and cantaloupes are sent to the markets 
each year. More than three million melons are shipped from Scott 
County alone each year. 

Nurseries. — The largest nursery in the United States, and 
probably the largest in the world, is located at Louisiana, with good- 
sized branches in other parts of the country. Thousands of young 
trees are shipped from Missouri every year. A million-dollar 
investment is involved in this one nursery. Besides the sales 
made in our own country its salesmen are found in India, Germany, 
Austria, New Zealand, Korea, and China. (Locate these countries.) 

Questions. — (1) What methods are now used for harvesting corn? Have 
you ever seen a corn cutter? (2) What are the principal uses we make of corn? 
(3) Trace the handling of wheat from the time it stands uncut in the field until 
it reaches the table. (4) Name the grasses from which we make hay. What is 
meant by curing hay? (5) How do we keep fruits and vegetables for winter 
use? Name the principal kinds. 



THE MINERAL WEALTH OF THE STATE 

The mineral resources of the state are extensive. Coal, lead, and 
zinc are the most important varieties, to say nothing of the more 
common metals and minerals. Brick clay, fire clay, kaolin, terra 
cotta, and potter s clay lie almost undisturbed in their original beds. 

Coal. — Coal has been found in one-half of the counties of the 
state, in thirty-eight of which it is mined with profit at the present 
time. The coal area covers twenty-five thousand square miles of 
contiguous territory. Our coal is of the bituminous variety, except 
where, in a few cases, pocket deposits of cannel coal are found. The 
coal is largely consumed by our home markets because of the large 
amount of it mined in each of the surrounding states. (Name these 
states.) For some years the development of the mines has been 
quite rapid. Better facilities for mining coal, improved means of 
transportation, and the large number of new mines opened up in late 
years have greatly added to the amount and value of the coal inter- 



THE MINERAL WEALTH OF THE STATE 



21 



ests. The umouiit of annual output at this time is between seven 
and eight million dollars. The great coal-producing counties at this 
date are Macon, Lafayette, and Adair, in the order named. 

Uses. — The principal uses to which coal is put are three, viz. : — 

1. The generation of steam for manufacturing and transporta- 
tion purposes, 

2. The production of heat for domestic purposes. 

3. To a lindted extent for the making of gas and coke. 

Lead. — Lead has been n]ined in Missouri since 1720, the first 
discoveries of it having 
been made in the south- 
east part of the state. 
Renault and La Motte, 
under the authority of 
the French government, 
discovered Mine La Motte 
and mines about Potosi, 
and began to take out lead 
ore. However, " the only 
smelting of lead ores ap- 
pears to have been done 
on log heaps, a wasteful 
process, much practiced 
even of late years." At a 
later date, under the au- 
thority of the Spanish gov- 
ernment, the first regular 
shaft was sunk and a fur- 
nace erected. In 1819 
forty-five mines were in operation in the state and eleven hundred 
persons were employed in them. Deep or underground mining did 
not begin in this country until the introduction of the diamond 
drill, a diamond-tipped rod or tube used in boring rock or other 
hard substances. (See Fig. 14.) 

Galena is the chief ore from which lead is obtained. It is found 
in many parts of the United States, especially in Illinois, Missouri, 
Kansas, and Colorado. 

Lead Areas. — There are three important lead districts in the 
state, the southwest, the middle district, and the southeast, the first 
and last named producing the larger amount of the product. The 




Fig. 14. 
A Steiiui Drill :it Work. 



22 



MISSOURI 



middle district, located south and west of Jefferson City, lies prin- 
cipally in four counties, Moniteau, Cole, Miller, and Camden. A 
limited number of mines is now open, and these are not extensively 
worked at this time. The southwest district includes Jasper, New- 
ton, and Lawrence as its best producing counties. This district is 
ricli in lead and other minerals. The southeast district includes 




Fig. 15. 
Lead, Zinc, and Coal. 



St. Frangois, Madison, Washington, Franklin, and Jefferson counties, 
the first named producing the larger quantities. (See Fig. 15.) 
Immense quantities of lead have been taken from the mines of this 
district, but according to the official reports of tlie state, Jasper 
County is first in the production, while St. Francois County is 
second. 

Uses. — Lead is put to a number of practical uses. It is used in 
making linings for casks, cisterns, and other vessels. Its compounds 
are in extensive use as pigments for the coloring of paints and in 



THE MINERAL WEALTH OF THE STATE 



23 



the manufacture of flint glass. These compounds are also used in 
type metal, solder, and pewter and in the manufacture of shot. 

Zinc. — The largest zinc mines in the country are found in 
Missouri. Zinc is usually associated with lead in this state, ex- 
cept in the southeast district where it is seldom found. In some 
fifteen counties it is found in paying quantities. The industry 
began in ISOT at Potosi, Washington County, where a small smelter 




View of Zinc Mine near Jt)pliii. 

was erected at that time. Six years later the Joplin-Galena district 
began to ship zinc in paying quantities ; now it is recognized as the 
largest zinc-producing area in the United States. (See Fig. lli.) 

Uses. — Because of its cheapness zinc is extensively used in the 
making of ornamental castings, being easily painted, plated, or 
bronzed. It is also extensively used in the form of sheets for roof- 
ing, the making of cornices, signs, and vessels, and also in the making 
of galvanized iron. 

Iron. — Much iron has been mined in Missouri in the past, but 
in recent years the industry has been reduced. The once-noted 



24 



MISSOUBI 



mines, Iron Mountain, Pilot Knob, and others, have been exhausted, 
thus greatly reducing the output. The largest iron-producing coun- 
ties are Crawford, St. Fran9ois, and Howell. Since 1900 the output 
of the ore has been increasing again. 

Suggestion. — Make a cabinet composed of the following minerals : — 
(1) A specimen of coal from the different mines in the state. (See the coal 
dealers of your place.) (2) Lead in the rough ore and specimens of the lead as it 
is put on the market. (3) Specimens of zinc in the same forms. (4) Secure 
iron ore from mines and the iron as it comes from the smelter. (5) All speci- 
mens should be properly labeled and classified. 



LIVE STOCK AND POULTRY 

The live stock interests of the state are extensive. A favor- 
able climate, a good soil intelligently cultivated, and easily accessi- 
ble markets are important conditions which are ours. Only four 
states exceed Missouri in the value of her investments in this 
industry, viz., Texas, Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas. (Where are 

these states ?) A million citi- 
zens of Missouri are vitally in- 
terested in the stock industry. 
Cattle, horses, mules, hogs, and 
sheep are the chief animals 
raised for profit. Every impor- 
tant breed is found in the state. 
Cattle. — Cattle are valuable 
for milk, for butter, and for 
beef ; that is, we have dairy 
cattle and beef cattle. Some 
cattle are especially good for 
dairy purposes, as the Jersey 
and the Holstein or Holstein- 
Friesian ; and others are especially valuable for their beef qualities, 
as the Shorthorn, the Hereford, and others. Corn, hay, oats, corn 
fodder, wheat straw, and pasturage are the principal feeds used for 
cattle. The fat cattle of the state are found in large numbers in 
the best markets. (See Figs. 17 and 18.) 

Dairying. — In recent years the dairying interests have developed 
rapidly. Greater attention has been given to dairy breeds of cattle, 
and to methods of making and caring for butter and cheese. Many 
fine dairy cows are found in the state, and large farms devoted to 




Fig. 17. 
The Head of a Fine Herd in Cass County. 



LIVE STOCK AND POULTRY 



25 



these interests are located in different sections, especially near the 
large towns and cities where transportation facilities are good. 
JModei-n creameries for the manufacture of butter have been estab- 
lished and specially constructed barns for housing the cows have 
been erected. The dairy products shipped to the markets in 1906 
amounted to more than three million nine hundred thousand dollars. 
In milk, butter, cream, and cheese Buchanan County was in the 




lieiefiirds fecdiuii in a Kicli Nalli'V in Jackson Coiiutv. 



lead, while St. Louis County was second in milk and cream, and 
Jackson County took third rank. 

Horses. — Horses are used for saddle purposes, for driving, and 
for draft purposes. Each purpose is best met by certain breeds. 
We have the draft horses, light and heavy, the saddle horse, the 
coach horse, and the light driver. With the exception of Kentucky, 
" Missouri has more registered saddle horses than all the other states 
combined." (Name some of the breeds good for each use.) The 
state stands first in the number and quality of its mules. (See 
Fig. 10.) 



26 



MISSOURI 



Sheep. — The raising of sheep in Missouri is rapidly becoming 
a great industry. Large areas in the southern part of the state 
are especially well suited to it. Sheep are raised for their flesh 
and for their wool. (Name some of the leading breeds and state 
for what they are especially -useful.) 




A Car-load of Fine Missouri Mules. 



Poultry. — Conditions are favorable to the raising of poultry, 
and immense quantities are raised each year. The climate favors 
it, suitable feed is abundant, and the industry has developed rapidly 
in the past few years. Chickens, turkeys, geese, and ducks are 
raised in large numbers, the surplus amount reaching an aggre- 
gate of more than twenty-two million dollars in 1906. The sur- 
plus eggs shipped to market during the same period were in 
excess of sixteen million dollars. The Wyandottes, Plymouth 
Rocks, Brahmas, Cochins, and Leghorns, each with their various 
varieties, are among the most popular breeds of chickens. Great 
improvement has resulted from the introduction " of fine breeds of 



MA N UFA r TURING INTERESTS 



27 




Fig. 20. 

Fine Chickens from Jackson County. 

fowls, and by intelligent selection and crossing on the part of 
farmers and fanciers." (See Fig. 20.) 

Stimul.\ting Questions. — (1) Name the leading cattle markets to wliich 
Missouri shippers send their stock. (Give four.) (2) What are the railroads 
most used by shippers from your place to these markets? (8) For all purposes 
which \YOuld you rather own, an automobile or a good team of horses ? Give 
your reasons. (4) Name the most popular gaits for a saddle horse. (5) Tell 
what may be seen on a poultry farm. (G) At what time of the year is the wool 
clipi^ed from the sheep ? 



MANUFACTURING INTERESTS 

Missouri ranks high in the manufacture of many of the impor- 
tant articles of commerce. In the building of street cars and in 
the manufacture of tobacco it leads the world, St. Louis being the 
largest center in these industries. The printing and puhluhing 
industry is highly developed. A large amount of flour of a high 
grade is manufactured, the large cities producing extensive quan- 
tities, while merchant mills are found throughout the wheat-raising 
districts. The packing interests hold a prominent place among the 
factory products, Kansas City holding second place in the country 
and St. Louis ranking fourth in the industry. Located as it is, in 
the corn belt, and being in close proximity to the grazing lands 
of the West, the state has easily taken this high rank, hi recent 
years the products of the forest, such as lumber, railroad ties, and 



28 



MISSOURI 



woodeti u'ares, have attracted increased attention as the timber of 
the southern part of the state has been utilized. In the manufacture 
of shoes hirge gains are made every year. St. Louis ranks first as a 
jobbing center, and half the shoes she sells are made in her own 
factories. Shoe factories have been established also in Kansas City 
and St. Joseph and in many of the progressive towns of the state. 
The manufacture of the "Missouri meerschaum," a cob pipe made 







I : 




[HBHHHHBH^v-^. -«^< 


. 


mmttn 


r ii ifJ'i')ii«^ 


^H^ 




^^^■■|H|HR>«f(^ '-''^'<^<^^ 




■'l^M 






^3^^^^^^H 


^^^™^^^V- ^^# 




'* 


IH^^H 


^^^m§^ 






^H 


i^^^^^^^HHp^, • 


' 




- ^^1 


^^ 






1 


f^^^^^^^K/P^^ 




^ ■»«■ 


'^^^^^^^^^H 


\^^^^^^^^^Mk—l^' '• ' ^ ' 'jtEL 




^^ 


l^^^l 



Fig. 21. 
A View at Washington, includiuji the Cob-pipe Factory. 

from the cobs of corn grown especially for that use, has grown into 
an important industry in several counties, notably in Franklin and 
Gasconade counties and in a lesser degree in Pike and Warren 
counties. (See Fig. 21.) A pipe factory at St. Charles employs 
sixty men. The existence of large deposits of limestone rock has led 
to the establishment of extensive ee7nent factories in different parts 
of the state, the largest, at this time, being located in Ralls County, 
a few miles south of Hannibal. The entire product of the factories 
of the commonwealth puts it in the lead of any other state west of 
the Mississippi, and gives it fifth rank among the states of the entire 



STATE GOVERNMENT 29 

country. Based upon the value of their ])roducts, St. Louis, Kansas 
City, St. Joseph, Springtiekl, Jefferson City, St. Charles, and Ilanni- 
l)al are the largest manufacturing centers. 

Further consideration of this topic will be taken up in connec- 
tion with the principal cities and towns of the state. 

STniULATixc; <iri;sTi()Ns. — (1 ) Maki' a list of raw materials produced in the 
state which are iis.'d in our factories. (-J) Name some of the natural conditions 
which favor the success of a manufacturing enterprise. (H) Discu.ss fuel in its 
relation to factories. (4) What may be said concerning transportation facilities 
and freight rates? (5) Should a community patronize its local factories? 
(()) How does the manager differ ffom a workman in a department? 

STATE GOVERNMENT 

The Constitution. — The constitution of a state is its fundamental 
law. In it we find the powers, directions, and limitations of the 
departments of government and the duties and rights of citizens. 
Missouri has had three constitutions; the first was adopted in 1820, 
the second in ISO"), and the third in ISTo. 

As in the government of the nation, so in the government of the 
state there are three dei)artments, le(/isl(itive, executive^ and judicial. 
Jn Missouri the members of each of these are elected by the people 
for a definite term of service. Their duties are prescribed by the 
constitution, and the laws made in accordance therewith. 

Legislative Department. — To the legislative department is com- 
mitted the power to make the laws of the state. It is composed of 
the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each house is the 
judge of the election returns and qualifications of its own members. 
Uills may originate in either house, except that a})propriation bills 
and impeachments must originate in the House, and the Senate tries 
all impeaclnnents. This body has the power to appropriate money 
for the payment of tlie interest on the public debt; to set aside not 
less thau two hundred and fifty thousand dollars per annum for the 
benefit of the sinking fund; to set aside money for the benefit of the 
public schools; to ])rovide for the assessment and collection of the 
revenue; for tlie })ayment of the civil list; for the support of 
the eleemosynary institutions ; and the payment of the expenses of 
the General Assembly. 

Qualifieations of Members. — A representative must be at least 
twt'uty-four years of age, while a senator must be at least thirty 
years old. Each must be a male citizen of the United States; the 



30 



MISSOURI 



representative must have been a qualified voter of the state two 
years, and the senator must have been a voter for three years ; and 
each must have been an inhabitant of the county or district he 
represents, the first for one year and the second for three years ; 
and each must have paid a state and county tax witliin one year of 
his election. 

Apportionment. — No county has less than one representative ; 
Buchanan County has four, Green two, Jackson six, Jasper three, 




Fk;. 22. 
Senatorial Districts. 



St. Louis two, the city of St. Louis sixteen, and all other counties 
one each. The Senate is composed of thirty-four members, elected 
for a term of four years, one from each of the senatorial districts 
into which the state has been divided. (See Fig. 22.) 

Law Makinr/. — To become a law a bill must be passed by each 
house of the Legislature, and receive the appro \^al of the Governor ; 
or if it fails in the latter, it must be passed over his veto, or objec- 
tions, by a vote of two-thirds of the members of each house. 

Congressmen. — At this time Missouri has sixteen members in 
the lower house of Congress, one from each of the districts, as shown 
in Figure 23. (Who is the representative from your congressional 
district ? What counties compose your district?) 



i^ TA TE GO VERNMENT 



31 



Executive Department. — The executive power of government in 
Missouri is vested in the Governor, Lieutenant-Cioveruor, Secretary 
of State, Auditor, Treasurer, Attorney-Cxeneral, and Superintendent 
of Public Schools. Each is elected by the people for a term of four 
years. Besides, there is a Board of Railroad Commissioners, elected 
by the people, and various appointive olhcers whose duties are pre- 
scribed by law. 

Governor. — The Governor is the chief executive of the state. 







Fig. 123. 
Congressional Districts. 



He may grant reprieves, pardons, and commutations, issue commis- 
sions not otherwise provided for by law, and keep the Legislature 
informed concerning the needs of the state. He is commander-in- 
chief of the state militia. He must be at least thirty-five years of 
age, a male, and must have been ten years a citizen of the United 
States, and a resident of JVIissouri for seven years immediately 
preceding his election. In case of death or removal from office from 
any cause, the Lieutenant-Governor succeeds to tlie office. 

Other State Officers. — Otlier state officers named in the consti- 
tution must be male citizens of the United States, twenty-five years 
of age, and they must have been residents of the state at least five 
years immediately preceding their election. The Secretary of State 



32 MISSOURI 

keeps the official seal of the state, makes a record of the official acts 
of the Governor, receives the election returns, and performs the du- 
ties of Register of Lands. In his office are kept the papers, journals, 
and proceedings of both Houses of the Legislature. He authorizes 
the organization of private corporations, and has general super- 
vision of banks and trust companies, which he must inspect once 
each year. The State Treasurer is, in general, the custodian of the 
moneys belonging to the state. These he pays out only on warrants 
properly drawn upon the treasury. The State Auditor keeps the 
account books of the state, including vouchers, bonds, and coupons. 
He keeps an account of the assessment and collection of revenues, 
and audits or settles accounts against the state. The Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction has supervision of the school funds of 
the state, as to their care and distribution. He may visit schools, 
deliver educational lectures, consult with school boards, and grant 
teachers' certificates. There are some five executive boards, com- 
posed of state officers, whose duties pertain to the management of 
certain departments of government. Tliese are penitentiary, equal- 
ization, public printing, education, and fund commissioners. There 
is also a number of officers who are appointed by the Governor, 
such as Adjutant-General, Warden of the Penitentiary, Superin- 
tendent of Insurance, Labor Commissioner, and inspectors of petro- 
leum, tobacco, grain, and beer. 

Judicial Department. — The judicial power is exercised by the 
courts of the state, including the Justices of the Peace, the County 
Courts, Municipal Corporation Courts, Probate Courts, Circuit 
Courts, Criminal Courts, Courts of Common Pleas, Courts of Ap- 
peals, and the Supreme Court. Court records in Missouri must be 
kept in the English language, arranged in systematic form, and 
accui-ately made in accordance with rules prescribed by the judge. 

Juries. — There are two kinds of juries, a petit jury and a grand 
jury. The petit jury investigates both civil and criminal matters, 
and its sessions are public. The grand jury is composed of twelve 
men, and its sessions are held under a pledge of secrecy. The 
members of each jury are selected by lot by the County Court. 

Circuit Courts. — Circuit judges are elected by the voters of their 
respective circuits for a term of six years. At least one judge is 
elected for each circuit. Buchanan and Jasper counties have two 
judges each, Jackson six, and the city of St. Louis twelve, 
making a total of fifty-one circuit judges in the entire state. The 



STATE GOVERNMENT 33 

General Assembly divides the state into circuits, the present number 
being thirty-three. (See Fig. 24.) 

Higher Courts. — There are two Courts of Appeals, one at St. 
Louis and one at Kansas City. Each is composed of three judges 
who are elected by the people of their respective districts for a term 
of twelve years. The highest judicial tribunal in the state is the 
Supreme Court, composed of seven judges elected by tlie voters of 
the state for a term of ten vears. Its sessions are held at Jefferson 




City. The judges of this court and those of the Courts of Appeals 
must be not less than thirty years of age, citizens of the United 
States, citizens of the state not less than five years immediately 
preceding their election, and they must be learned in the law. 

Other Courts. — There are four Common Pleas Courts, located at 
Louisiana, Hannibal, Cape Girardeau, and Sturgeon. Criminal 
Courts have been established in Jackson, Buchanan, and Greene 
counties and in the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit. 

The County. — Tlie county is a very important unit of local 
government. County officers are largely charged with the adminis- 
tration of local laws as well as the enforcement of some of those which 
have a wider scope and application. The conduct of elections, the 
collection of revenues, and the enforcement of the criminal laws are 



34 



MISSOURI 



A TOWNSHIP 



A SECTION 



6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


18 


17 


Ifi 


15 


U 


13 


19 


20 


21 


2-i 


23 


24 


30 


29 


2« 


27 


26 


25 


31 


32 


33 


34 


35 


36 



largely intrusted to county officials. The principal officers are: 
three County Judges, Assessor, Collector, Treasurer, Circuit Clerk, 
Recorder, Surveyor, Public Administrator, Probate Judge, and 
County School Commissioner or Superintendent. The Sheriff is 
charged with the enforcement of the peace laws of the county. He 
serves writs issued by the courts, including writs of replevin, attach- 
ments, and final processes issued by Justices of the Peace. It is his 
duty to arrest all disturbers of the peace. The Prosecuting Attorney 
defends the county in suits brought against it, and prosecutes civil 
and criminal cases involving the violation of the state law. 

Townships. — The municipal township is a smaller unit than the 
county. It has but two officers, the Constable and the Justice of the 
Peace. The latter is the judicial officer of the township whose 
general duty it is to preserve the peace of the community. The 

duty of the Constable is 
to serve warrants, writs, 
and subprjenas and to per- 
form other duties im- 
posed by law. 

There is another di- 
vision known as the Con- 
gressional Township, used in marking land surve^^s. It is six miles 
square and contains thirty-six square miles or sections of six hun- 
dred forty acres. 

QuKSTiONS. — -(1) Who is the present Governor of Missonri? Superintendent 
of Public Instruction ? (2) Who is the Representative in Congress from your 
district? Representative in the General Assembly? Your State Senator? 
(3) Name the Senatorial, the Judicial, and the Congressional district in which 
you live. (4) Who makes and changes these districts when it becomes necessary 
to do so? (5) Make an outline of the organization of the city or town in which 
you live, or of the county seat of your county. (6) Why not allow counties to 
take stock in railroads and other corporations? (7) State reasons for giving the 
Governor the power to veto measures passed by the General Assembly. 



N. } Section 
(320 A.) 



S.W. i 
(160 A.) 



STATE INSTITUTIONS 

In matters of education the theory of the state has been that "a 
general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence is essential to the 
preservation of the rights and liberties of tlie people." A system of 
"free public schools for the gratuitous instruction of all persons 
between the ages of six and twenty years " has been organized and 
kept in successful operation for many years. 



STATE INSTITUTIONS 



35 



School Districts. — The counties have been divided into school 
districts, and school othcers are selected in each at regular times 
designated by Law. A school must be maintained in each for six 
months in each year, if forty cents on tlie hundred dollars assessed 
valuation, together with other school funds, shall be sufficient to pay 
the expenses thereof. 

School Meeting. — The qualified voters of the district meet in 
annual session on tlic first Tuesday in April for the transaction of 




Fig. 25. 
Main Buildings of Normal School at Kirksville. 

pul)li(' l)usiness. They may determine the length of the school term 
in excess of six months, determine the changes in the boundary 
lines, if any are to be made, and appropriate money for library 
books. They also elect one member of the board of directors, who 
serves for three years. In the case of village school districts two 
members of the board are elected. 

Directors. — Tlie board of directors of the district school is 
composed of tliree members, while the board of a village school is 
composed of six members. The school board provides for the 
management of the school, including the employment of teachers 
and the purchase of all needed supplies. 

School Mouejis. — The principal permanent school funds are: 
(T) the interest-bearing certificates against the state; (2) a per- 
manent county fund, derived from the sale of estrays and from fines 



36 



MISSOURI 



and penalties ; (3) a township fund derived from the sale of school 
lands ; and (4) in some districts there is a special fund, arising "■ from 
grant, gift, devise, or special legislation." The General Assembly 
must appropriate not less than one-fourth of the entire revenue to 
the support of the schools. One-third has been set apart for this 
use for many years. In addition to all of the funds mentioned 
above, each district is allowed to levy a tax of forty cents on the 
hundred dollars, which may be increased by a vote of the people to 




Fk;. '2(). 
Academic Hall, Cape Girardeau Normal School. 



one dollar in cities and towns and to sixty-five cents in other 
districts. 

High Schools. — The completion of the elementary school course 
requires about eight years. Following this comes the work of the 
high school, wliich in its full organization occupies about four years. 
There are some eighty schools in the state, including private and 
church institutions, whose graduates may enter the State University 
without examination, on presenting proper credentials. These are 
known as "accredited" schools. 

Normal Schools. — There are now five State Normal Schools for 
the training of white teachers and one for the training of colored 
teachers. The schools for the whites are at Kirksville, Warrens- 



STATE lysTITUTIONS 



37 



burg, Cape Girardeau, Springtield, and Maryville, while the one for 
the colored teachers is at Jefferson City. (See Figs. 25, 26, 27.) 
Each of these schools is under the control of a l>t)ard of regents 
composed of seven members, including the State Superintendent, who 
is ex officio a member of each board. Besides these institutions there 
is the Teachers' College at Columbia for the training of teachers 
for the schools of the state. Graduation from the fnll normal 
course carries with it a life certiticate to teacli in tlie state. These 




General View of Buildings, Warrensburs Normal School. 



schools are supported by appropriations made from the treasury of 
the state by the (ieneral Assembly. 

State University. — The University, located at Columbia, is the 
highest educational institution in the state. It was founded in 1839, 
the corner-stone of the main building was laid in 1840, and instruction 
began in April, 1841. It is under the control of a board of curators, 
nine in number, ai)pointed by the Governor for a term of six years. 
The board appoints the president and professors of the institution, 
makes rules for the admission of pupils, and confers the usual univer- 
sity degrees. The School of Mines and Metallurgy, located at Rolla, 
gives special attention to mining and civil engineering, chemistry and 
metallurgy, and general science. The funds required for the manage- 
ment of the University and all of its departments come partly from the 
permanent endowment and partly from appropriations made by the 
General Assembly. (See Fig. 28.) 



38 MISSOURI 

Care of the Blind. — The school for the education of the blind is 
in St. Louis. The location of the school has been changed recently, 
new dormitories erected, and many modern changes made. The 
general purpose of the institution is the education of blind persons 
who are of suitable mental and physical capacity. The age limit is 
from nine to twenty-five years. A person may have the benefit of 
the work for eight years, and in special cases the limit may be ex- 
tended to ten years. 




Fig. 28. 

University of Missouri — Administration BuiMin| 



One of thirty-three huildin§ 



Care of the Dumb. — Tliis school is at Fulton. It is for the bene- 
fit of children between the ages of eight and twenty-one years who 
are too deaf to be instructed in the public schools. In addition to 
the literary branches, instruction is given in several of the Jtrades, 
such as cooking, painting, harness making, gardening, sewing, 
and dressmaking. The attendance each year is nearly four hun- 
dred pupils. The control of the institution is vested in a board of 
managers, appointed by the Governor by the consent of the 
Senate. 

Feeble-minded. — An institution has been established at Marshall 
for " the humane, curative, scientific, and economical treatment of 
the feeble-minded and epileptic." " It is built upon the cottage 
plan, and an infirmary, chapel, schoolhouse, and workshop " have 
been included in the plan. The board of control of five members 



STATE INSTITUTIONS 39 

must include two women, and the term of office of each member is 
live years. 

Soldiers' Homes. — The state supports two Sokliers' Homes. 
The one at Higginsville [)rovides for the care of dependent Confed- 
erate sokliers and '^ their wives, children, and orphans," under cer- 
tain rules and conditions. The one at St. .lanu's provides for Fed- 
eral soldiers and for their wives and widows if over fifty years of 
aL;-e. Each Home is controlled by a board of managers, appointed 
by the Governor. Dormitories, hospitals, and other buildings have 
been erected at the expense of the state, and many conveniences pro- 
vided for the comfort of the inmates. 

Sanitarium. — A sanitarium lias been established at Mf. Vernon, 
Lawrence County, for tlie treatment of consumpti(m or tuberculosis 
in its early stages. Suitable buildings have been erected, and rules 
and regulations have been adopted for the admission of patients to 
the institution. IJotli free and private patients are admitted under 
definite conditions under each case. Only those in the incipient 
stages of the disease are allowed to enter the institution. 

Hospitals. — Four ]iosi)itals ft>r the insane have been established 
in the state, Xos. 1, 2, o, and 4, located respectively at Fulton, St. 
Joseph, Nevada, and Farmington. The last named was opened in 
1903, while the first one, located at Fulton, was opened in 1847. 
Dormitories, laundries, bakeries, water and liglit plants, carpenter 
shops, and other accessories have been provided. " Many of the 
patients find employment on the farm, in the gardens, and shops 
elsewhere about the institution." Al)out one-third of the patients 
are discharged as cured, while about half as many more are greatly 
benefited by the treatment they receive. 

Training Schools. — Tliere are two training (reform) schools, one 
at Booneville for ])oys and the other one at Chillicothe for girls. In 
addition to tlie literary and scientific instruction given the boys they 
are also trained in a large number of the trades, such as tailoring, 
blacksmithing, painting, building, and farming. The girls' school 
has been built on the cottage plan, and liberal provision has been 
made for training in the useful arts. 

Penitentiary. — The greatest penal institution in the state is the 
Penitentiary, located at Jefferson City. The first law looking to 
its establishment was passed in 1833, but the prison was not com- 
pleted until 18315, when the first prisoner Avas received. The 
confinement, punishment, and reformation of criminals are the 



40 



MISSOURI 



important ends to be subserved by the institution. The Board of 
Prison Inspection is composed of the State Treasurer, the State 
Auditor, and the Attorney-General. The chief ofiticer in control of 
the institution is the warden, who is appointed by the Governor for 
a term of four years. 

Stimulating Questions. — (1) What reasons can be assigned for state aid 
to the institutions mentioned in this section ? (2) Does the state need additional 
institutions at this time? (3) Should the state supervise institutious not sup- 
ported by public money? (4) Was it wise to make it possible for the Governor 
to sentence to life imprisonment instead of death in case of first degree murder? 
(5) Should there be a state parole system in this state ? 

TRANSPORTATION 



Importance. — Tlie effect of cheap transportation on the develop- 
ment of a community or state is very great. Products are valuable 
in proportion to their accessibility to markets. Because of a lack of 
transportation facilities, portions of Kansas once used corn for fuel. 
To cheapen the transportation of a product is to decrease the price 
to the buyer or to increase the profit to the seller. The improve- 
ment of the high- 
ways of transpor- 
tation contributes 
greatly to this 
general result — a 
decrease in the ex- 
pense of produc- 
tion. 

Waterways. — 

Because it is easier 

Fio. 29. to move a certain 

Mississippi River Steumer. ,, tonuage through 

water than over land," it follows that "water transportation 
is cheaper than land transportation." It is cheaper on the larger 
bodies of water than on the smaller ones, because, as a rule, the smaller 
waterways carry smaller vessels. River and canal transportation 
cost about one-half as much, on an average, as railroad transporta- 
tion. " Transportation by water, though slower, is much cheaper 
than by land, owing to economy in motive power" (Trotter'). 
The great waterways of the state are the Mississippi River, long a 
highway of traffic, and the Missouri River, largely neglected until 




TRA NSFOR TA TION 4 1 

recently. (See Fig. 29.) Steamboat traffic on the Missouri River 
was renewed in lUOl!, and since then traffic companies have l)een 
organized, and steamers equipped and put int»» the trade with 
marked success. Appropriations have been made by Congress for 
the improvement of the stream by the removal of snags, sand bars, 
and other obstacles, and for the location of buoys and othci- signals. 
Certain smaller streams are navigable by small craft for limited 
distances. The (lasconadt; and the Osage rivers arc examples. 

Railroads. — Freight trains are faster and freight rates lower 
in this country tlian in any other. " Abundant, ra[)id, and cheap 
transportation has helpi'd to make the Linited States the leading 
commercial nation" (^A(hniis). INIissouri has kept pace with her 
sister states in road building, until now she has more than seven 
tliousand miles of railroad. 

/Supervision. — The o})eration of these roads is under the general 
supervision and inspection of tlie State Board of Railroad Commis- 
sioners. With three e\ci>[it ions, every county in the state is reached 
by one or more railroads. Ry a study of the lines in the state 
(Fig. 1) it will be found that the larger number extend east and 
west. (What reasons can you offer for this fact? What part of 
the state has the largest nund)er of roads? ^\'hy'.■') 

Electric Roads. — Electric roads have been built in the counties 
lia\ing the larger cities, some of them extending many nnles. St. 
Rouis, Jackson, Ruchaiian, Jasper, and other counties are examples. 

Highways. — State, county, and city authorities are now working 
togetlier for the im[)roven)eiit of the roads of the state. A system 
of highways and cross roads has been [)rojected to extend from 
Kansas City to St. Louis. Three main routes have been laid out : 
the Southern or Capital route, so named because it passes through 
Jt'ft'erson City; the Middled or College route, so named because it 
[>asses through a large number of college towns ; and the Northern 
route. Auxiliary roads will be constructed to connect with these 
main thoroughfares. 

Appro2)riafio7is. — The following financial arrangement has been 
made by law for the support of the work : — 

1. An appro])riation of live hundred thousand doUai's, on con- 
dition that counties contribute a like amount. 

2. The war claim fund of f(Mir hundred seventy-four thousand, 
one hundred ninety-eight dollars has been set aside for building 
and improving roads and bridges. 



42 MISSOURI 

3. The licenses from automobiles and chaffeurs are put into 
the road fund. 

4. The proceeds of the sale of " future delivery " stamps must 
be devoted to this use. 

The above sums were set apart as a beginning toward the de- 
velopment of this great system of road improvement. 

Road Districts. — Under the "benefit assessment law" road dis- 
tricts are established by the County Court. The first Board of 
Commissioners is appointed by the court, but all subsequent boards 
are elected by the landowners, the election being determined by a 
majority. The expense of building or improving roads under this 
law is assessed against the road district, each owner paying an 
amount per acre based upon the distance of the land from the road. 

Stimulating Questions. — (1) Is the two-cents-a-mile passenger rate fair to 
the raih'oads? ("2) Are there reasons for increasing the penalty for injury to 
persons who travel on the railroads? (3) Should other transportation companies 
be held to an equal accountability with the railroads? (4) How do you account 
for the neglect of the waterways during the past few years ? (.5) Should cities 
and towns be assessed for the improvement of the public roads? (6) Should 
larger funds be expended for the purposes just mentioned? (7) Should the pub- 
lic highways be beautified by the planting of trees and shrubbery? 

CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 

Classification. — Upon the basis of population the General As- 
sembly, under authority of the constitution, has divided cities and 
towns into certain classes. All cities having a given population 
may have a uniform organization, have the same powers, and be 
governed by the same rules and laws. 

Villages. — All towns with less than five hundred inhabitants, 
unless they have been organized under special charters, are classed 
as villages. 

Fourth Glass. — Towns ranging in population from five hundred 
to three thousand are classed here. 

Third Class. — Towns having three thousand and less than thirty 
thousand people. 

Second Class. — Towns of thirty thousand inhabitants and less 
than one hundred thousand. 

First Class. — All cities and towns of one hundred thousand or 
more inhabitants. 

Some cities and towns have not taken advantage of these pro- 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 



43 



visions, but retain the organization they had before the adoption of 
tlie present constitution. St. Joseph is an organized city of the 
second class, and it is the only one. Twenty-seven cities and towns 
exist under special charters ; thirty-four are organized as third class 
cities, and of villages and fourth class towns there are two hundred 
and thirty-two each. 

St. Louis. — St. Louis is the chief city in jNIissouri and the 
fourth in size in the United States. It is located on the west bank 
of the Mississippi River and twenty-one miles south of the mouth 
of the Missouri. Its river frontage at present covers twenty miles, 
and the entire area of the city is about sixty-five square miles. 
From the time of the founding of the place by Laclede in 1764 
until the present its progress has been steady and satisfactory. 

Fur Trade. — Its early trade was largely in the furs of wild 
animals. Hunters and trappers made St. Louis the basis of their 
operations for many years while they pushed out farther into the 
wilder West, returning each year with larger amounts of furs and 
other products. After a time the surrounding country began a 
healthy growth, and local business conditions along substantial lines 
became fixed and definite. Following the sturdy French pioneer, 




City Hall, St. Louis. 



44 MISSOURI 

came the Americans from Virginia, Tennessee, and the two Caro- 
linas. Later came the men from New Enghmd, with educational 
training and strongly imbued with the spirit of American freedom. 
By 1835 the population had reached eight thousand, and this number 
was doubled in five years. 

Water Transportation. — In 1815 the first steamboat landed in 
the city, and four years later the first steamer ascended the Missouri 
River. A steady development of the trade of this section began 
within a short time of these two events. River traffic assumed 
large proportions by 1845. The business activity of St. Louis 
greatly increased, and the trade territory of the city extended 
widely, especially to the west and north. Large cargoes, and many 
of them, arrived on the river front, and the levee became a place 
of great business activitv- The city became an important center 
for supply and distribution, and was soon recognized as a market 
for the products of the Mississippi Valley. 

Railroad Development. — While the river traffic was at its height, 
about the year 1851, the first railroad to the west of St. Louis, the 
Pacific, began to build its tracks. Up to about 1875 great activity 
centered about St. Louis and reached many miles in all directions. 
River traffic had been one of the strongest transforming and inspir- 
ing forces. The territory had grown into one of great agricultural 
resources, and millions of tons of freight had been shipped out to the 
world. The period of railway expansion which followed was no less 
marked and definite than the growth of waterways had been. 

The Civil War. — Of course the Civil War period aroused intense 
feeling and bitter rivalries, and many people suffered from the loss 
of property. The city suffered in all lines of business, and the 
country lost in all of its interests. After some years of depression, 
however, the old spirit of progress took hold of the people, old lines 
of activity were revived, and new enterprises were started. 

Scheme and Charter. — In 1876 the new plan of government, the 
scheme and charter, was adopted for the management of city affairs. 
Its manufacturing interests have expanded until the city is now 
one of the most important centers in the country. Its water and 
light systems are among the best, and its street car transportation is 
not surpassed anywhere. Its public buildings and business houses, 
some of them of great size, are imposing and attractive. 

Buildings. — The Union Trust Building, the Equitable, the 
Southern Hotel, the Planters, and the Jefferson are important exam- 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 



45 




The Lonn Bridge across the Mississippi River at 
St. Louis. 



pies. The Eads bridge, opened in 1874, and the Merchants' steel 
bridge, opened in 1890, are two of the finest structures in the country. 
(See Fig. 31.) There are 
about three hundred 
churches, representing 
nearly every variety of re- 
ligious belief, while the 
city's parks and boulevards 
are expressive of the high 
degree of culture which her 
people possess. There are 
numerous hos[)itals, both 
^)rivate and })ublic, wliose 
construction is after the 
best plans. 

Education. — Tlie [)rivate schools of St. Louis are among the best 
of their kind. The Washington University, with several well- 
equipped departments, St. Louis University, Christian Brothers 
College, and others are among the noted institutions. Her libra- 
ries have been known for years for their com[)leteness and their 
adaptation to the needs of a growing city. The public school sys- 
tem is one of tlie best in the country. It is known for its thorough 
organization and for the correctness of the principles upon which it 
is based. The population, as given by the last census returns, was 
575,238 ; as estimated by the city directory for 1906-1907, 731,990. 

Kansas City. — The central situation of Kansas City in a great 
trade territory gives it an advantage enjoyed by few cities of its 
size. She buys the products of a wide area, and she supplies the 
same area with the wares it needs. (What is meant by saying that 
Kansas City is tlie gateway to the West?) In the nundjer of her 
railroads she is next to Chicago. 

C(H(L — The natural resources from which the city draws her raw 
materials and other supplies are extensive and near at hand. She 
gets coal from Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, and Iowa. Some twenty 
coal-mining companies, with a total ca})ital of ten million dollars, 
make their headquarters here. Beside these are wholesale com- 
panies o{)erating one million dollars of capital not owned by Kansas 
City men. Tlie coal area surrounds the city, being found witliin 
the city limits and at distances twenty, fifty, and one hundred miles 
away in three or four directions. 



46 



MISSOURI 



Lumber. — Kansas City ranks among the first as a lumber market, 
the sale of yellow pine probably leading in amount. Cypress is also 
handled in large amounts in the city. Large areas of timbered lands 
in Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi are bought 
up by the large dealers, and the raw material is manufactured for 
the wholesale and retail markets. Hardwood lumbers are coming 
into increasing demand in Kansas City, four large yards being 
engaged in that trade. The sash-and-door industry and similar 




Fig. 32. 
Missouri Wliarf at Kansas City. 



lines do an extensive business over a wide territory. More than 
one hundred companies, employing an estimated capital of forty 
millions, are now active in the lumber trade of the city. The 
Southwestern Lumbermen's Association, with a membership of more 
than sixteen thousand, has its headquarters in Kansas City. 

Stock and Packing Interests. — These interests are the largest in 
the city, but one city in the country doing a larger amount of 
business, and that is Chicago.. Meat packing, including all its 
departments, involves more labor, works more capital, furnishes 
more men with business, and draws supplies from a larger territory 
than any other in the city. The stock-yards once used but twenty- 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 



47 



six acres, but now two hundred acres are required. The output of 
the six packing houses of Kansas City, including tliose just across 
the line in Kansas, amounts to seventy-five million dollars each year. 
Located in the heart of the corn belt, and being within easy reach 
of the grazing lands, it is not surprising that the packing interests 
should develop into large proportions. Probably one-third of 
the cattle of the United States is within easy shipping distance of 
Kansas City. 




Fig. 33, 
In the Retiiil Section of Kansas City. 

Implements. — Kansas City leads in the distribution of imple- 
ments and vehicles. A large territory on the west of the Mississippi 
River, rich in soil and agricultural interests of every kind, looks to 
Kansas City for its supplies in this line. The annual sale of wagons, 
buggies, and all kinds of farming implements amounts to twenty-five 
million dollars. 

Manufacturing. — The city is growing rapidly in manufacturing 
interests. In many lines marked growth has been made, especially 
in dry-goods, hats, caps, boots and shoes, millinery, groceries, machin- 
ery supplies, and building materials. The jNIanufacturers' Associa- 



48 MISSOURI 

tion now has a membership of more than four hundred. The 
large industrial growth of the surrounding territory is indicative of 
the increased interests within the city itself. 

Boulevards. — Though incomplete, the parks and boulevards have 
added greatly to the attractiveness of the city. They are the won- 
der of the stranger and the pride of the citizen. 

Schools. — No city has a better system of schools. The manage- 
ment of the system is vested in a non-partisan board of six members, 
representative business and professional men. The plan of the 
system is broad and liberal, the aim being to give the children a 
genuine culture free from all religious and political bias. The 
buildings are modern and attractive, nothing being wasted for mere 
show and everything included for thorough, practical work. The 
course of study is constructed to secure tlie broadest culture and to 
impart the largest amount of knowledge and information. Emphasis 
is placed upon what are termed essential studies, that is, those wliich 
lay stress upon the practical phases of education. There are sixty-two 
schools in the city, requiring the services of eight hundred forty-two 
teachers. Population, 163,762 ; estimated now, 328,065. 

]Vew Life. — For some years a transformation has been under 
way. Old buildings have been torn down, and new ones have been 
erected in their stead. Modern and imposing wholesale houses 
have been built, office buildings of the best construction have 
been erected, and a large number of modern buildings for the 
retail trade have gone up on the principal streets. 

St. Joseph. — St. Joseph is the metropolis of the Platte Purchase 
(Fig. 4j and the third city in size in the state. As an organized 
town it dates from 1843. Emigrants to California from Missouri 
and the surrounding country made St. Joseph their outfitting point, 
but its population three years later was less than one thousand 
people. 

Advajitages. — The city is located in a fine section of the country, 
especially strong in agricultural wealth, and fortunate in its position 
for the development of a substantial trade. Its citizens are public 
spirited and aggressive. Large numbers of them own the houses in 
which they live and have started in business with the intention of 
building a great commercial city. " St. Joseph is the wealthiest city 
of like population in the United States." 

Business. — St. Joseph ranks fourth among the cities of the coun- 
try as a dry-goods market. This business alone uses tliree millions 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 



49 



of capital, employs over two hundred traveling salesmen, and makes 
an annual sale of goods of twenty million dollars. Wholesale gro- 
ceries, hardware, boots and shoes, hats and caps, and othei- prod- 
ucts of various kinds bring the total sum up to a large amount. 
The wholesale millinery trade is another large interest, reaching an 
extensive territory, and giving employment to a large number of 
men and women. The jobbing trade in all of its details is one of 
the largest in the country for a city of its size. 




Fig. 34. 

Sheep from the Pastures ready for tlie Market. 



Matmfncturhig. — There has been great growth and development 
along this line within the last few years. Transportation facilities 
are good, and the supply of raw materials is extensive and easily 
reached. Factories for the making of robes, flannels, and blankets, 
and two large factories for making duck and denim are located here. 
Four tliousand operatives are employed in the making of woolen 
goods alone. Plow factories and pump companies do an extensive 
business and much saddlery and tinware are made. The manufac- 
ture of wagons, buggies, and carriages form prosperous businesses, 
while foundries and machine shops employ lai'ge numbers of men. 



50 • MISSOURI 

Packing Industry. — The packing interests are the most exten- 
sive in the city. The facilities for handling stock of every kind are 
adequate and thoroughly modern in every detail. Four of the 
largest packing firms in the country do business in the place, and 
their products are shipped to all countries that use American meats. 
The stock-yards are modern "in construction, sanitation, and facil- 
ities." Their capacity is fifteen thousand cattle, twenty thousand 
hogs, and fifteen thousand sheep. In five years the receipts of live 
stock have increased more than one hundred per cent, while the 
packing houses made an increase of eighty-four per cent in the same 
time. The city now ranks fourth in the country as a packing center. 
(See Fig. 34.) 

Schools. — There are good private and church scliools in the city 
that receive a liberal patronage. The public schools rank high 
among the schools of the large cities. There are thirty-five well- 
organized schools, requiring the services of two hundred seventy- 
eight teachers. The ideals of the school board are high, and it is 
striving to reach them, while the people are willing to be taxed 
to meet all the expense. Population, 102,979; estimated at this 
time, 120,000. 

Joplin. — The genuine history of Joplin began in 1870 when a 
large amount of mineral was discovered. Mining became an absorb- 
ing interest from that date, and the place has made a steady growth 
to the present day. Public confidence in the place has increased, 
and business interests have expanded and multiplied. After mining 
lead for a few years it was found that zinc ore was much more 
valuable than lead. There are two kinds of zinc which command 
good prices on the market, the sulphide of zinc, called jack, and tlie 
silicate of zinc. The first is shipped away to zinc factories where 
fuel is plentiful, while the silicate is made into zinc-white, which is 
used in the making of paint. About one-seventh of the mineral 
taken from the mines of this district is lead, and this is manufactured 
into white lead, from which a superior quality of paint is made. Of 
the output of the zinc of the United States, four-fifths of it is taken 
from the mines of the Joplin district. There are smelters, foundries, 
machine shops, boiler and white lead works. The output of the 
mines ranges close to three million dollars, while the product of the 
entire Joplin district is three times that amount. (See Fig. 35.) 
The city is reached by four railway systems with forty passenger 
trains a day and four hundred freight cars each week. Its electric 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 



51 



car lines reacli the adjoining towns and cities and the important 
mining camps. Its baidvs, schools, and churches have kept up with 
its grow"th in other lines. Population, 26,023; estimated at the 
present time, 82,000. 

Springfield. — The rapid and substantial grow^th of Springfield 
began in 1870, upon the building of its first railroad, though its 
history dates from 1830. It is a city of good homes, some four hun- 
dred of which were built in one year. It is in a high country whose 



'^' 




1 i 



its^ 



Fig. 35. 
View of Ziui; iNIines at Joplin. 

health conditions are good, including climate, pure water, and proper 
drainage. The surrounding country produces an abundance of 
fruits and vegetables, while the agricultural lands supply the de- 
mands for grains and grasses. Fruit raising is a leading industry 
of the Ozark region, and Springfield is an important center for the 
distribution of its products. Apples by the train loads are shipped 
throughout the United States to the east and into European cities. 
The city does a wholesale business of ten million dollars each year, 
involving the capital and labor of twenty-four firms. More than 
twenty firms are engaged in manufacturing, wdth an output of 
seventeen and one-half million dollars. Tlie public schools are 
among the best in the southern part of tlie stale, wliiie Drury 
College is among the high class institutions of the state. State 



62 



MISSOUEI 



Normal School No. 4, with a modern course of study and a trained 
corps of teachers, is located here. Springfield has cotton and woolen 
factories, flour mills, wagon factories, and the railroad machine shops 
of the Frisco system. As a railroad center it is amply supplied with 
transportation facilities. Population, 23,267; estimated at this 
time, 35,000. 

Sedalia. — Here is one of the richest agricultural regions in 
the state, much of it a fertile undulating prairie. The city, now 
covering six square miles, was incorporated in 1864. It has eighty 

miles of streets and boule- 
vards, planted with trees 
in an artistic style. It 
has the county court- 
house, costing one hundred 
thousand dollars, and a 
forty thousand dollar city 
liall, both substantial and 
artistic buildings. There 
are three electric plants 
for liglit and power, two 
telephone systems, and 
four electric street car 
lines wdiicli radiate from 
the center of the business 
section. There are three 
trunk railroad systems 
with several im])ortant 
branch roads, making Se- 
dalia an important rail- 
road center for a large 
section of the state. The 
coach, repair, and general shops of these roads, located liere, 
give employment to two thousand men. Thirty firms are in the 
wholesale business, and about the same number are engaged in manu- 
facturing. The George R. Smith College is an endowed institution 
for the education of the colored people. There are also two busi- 
ness colleges which have a large attendance. The public schools of 
the city are well organized, and they are popular with the people. 
Population, 15,231; estimated at this time, 21,000. 

Hannibal. — Here is a substantial citv located on the west 




CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 53 

bank of the Mississippi River. In the suri-ounding counties is a 
very fertile country especially adapted to the raising of corn, wheat, 
and oats. Tiie milling business early became an important industry 
because of the large surplus of very fine wheat raised in that locality. 
Many gravel roads are found in these counties, made in answer to 
the demands of progressive farming communities. Most of the 
city overlooks the river, its situation being favorable to perfect 
drainage and aiding greatly in the making of good streets. The 
city is fortunate in having water transportation in addition to the 
five railroads which reach in as many directions. (Why?) Boats 
ply the river to the north and sontli of the city, and reach all 
the cities and towns between St. Paul and New Orleans. There 
are more tluui one hundred factories in Hannibal besides the large 
railroad sho]:)S. In addition to flour, boots and shoes, cigars, lime, 
and cement are prominent among the articles manufactured. The 
largest Portland cement factory in the world is located just soutli of 
the city limits. Her lil)raries, liospitals, churches, and schools are 
modern and in keeping with her other institutions. Population, 
12,780 ; estimated at this time, 18,500. 

Jefferson City. — Jefferson City, the capital of the state, is located 
in Cole County, on the south bank of tlie Missouri River. The state 
capitol, the penitentiary, and the supreme court are located here. 
Large manufacturing plants turn out many products for the 
markets. Ten thousand pairs of shoes is the daily output of live 
factories. Tlie largest saddle-tree factory in the world is found 
here, while large quantities of overalls, wine, l)rick, and flour are 
also manufactured. The Ceneral Assembly meets here every two 
years to make laws for the people. The state law libi'ary. kept 
here, is one of the finest in the country, and lawyers from all over 
the state consult its volumes. By act of Congress in 1820 Missouri 
was authorized to organize as a state ; the present site of the ca[)itol 
was selected in 1821, and the capitol building was completed in 1826. 
Tlie early sessions of the Legislature, until the capitol was com- 
pleted, were held at St. Charles. Population, 0,G*H ; estimated at 
this time, l-),o42. 

Carthage. — This is a city of great natural and artistic l)eauty. 
Handsome residences, fine boulevards, pretty lawns and parks, are 
found on every side. It is termed " the most beautiful city of its 
size in America." The altitude is high, the air and water pure, and 
the drainage good. It is in the great lead and zinc district, some of 



54 Missoum 

the largest deposits of mineral being found at this place. Twenty 
producing mines are within a short distance of Carthage. Perhaps 
its most important product is building stone, a white limestone of 
superior quality and beauty. Large quantities of it are used in 
different parts of the country for building, trimming, making of 
monuments, and for paving purposes. It has four lines of railroad 
connecting it with the largest markets of this and other states. 
Cheap and rapid transit by electric lines connects it with the nearest 
towns. Machine shops and wagon factories, factories for making 
mattresses and bed-springs, together with furniture and canning 
businesses, give employment to a large number of men. The system 
' of public schools is one of the best, including six ward schools and a 
first class liigh school. Population, 9,416 ; estimated at present, 
14,500. 

Webb City. — Tliis is another good town in the midst of the min- 
ing district of soutliwest Missouri. Mining at this place began in a 
systematic way in 1877, and good quantities of mineral have been 
shipped out since. It is a modern city, having water, sewerage, 
electric light systems, and a fire department. Lead and zinc are 
found near the surface of the earth, and the mining of these minerals 
is carried on at small expense. A good white limestone for building 
purposes is found in good quantities. Population, 0,201 ; estimated 
at this time, 14,500. 

Moberly is tlie chief city in Randolph County, located in a beau- 
tiful level prairie. It is centrally located for business, being sur- 
rounded by a large coal producing area. Two important railroad 
systems, with several branches, cross at this point. The city has 
several manufacturing plants besides the railroad repair shops. It 
is surrounded by an excellent country. Population, 8,012 ; esti- 
mated at this time, 12,000. 

St. Charles is the county seat of St. Charles County. Extensive 
car works are located here, and they do a very large business. The 
city stands on the Missouri River, and in addition two trunk-line 
railroads pass through the place. (What are they?) Large quan- 
tities of tobacco are also manufactured. Population, 7,982 ; esti- 
mated at present, 11,000. 

Nevada is not far from the western line of the state in the midst 
of a good agricultural community. It has two trunk-line railroads, 
the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, and the Missouri Pacific, and sev- 
eral branch lines. There is a candy factory, a foundry, and machine 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 



55 



shops, a large flouring mill, and a zinc smelter. One of the State 
Hospitals for the Insane is located liere. Its public school system is 
one of the best outside the large cities. Population, 7,461. 

Independence, the county seat of Jackson County, is ten miles 
east of Kansas City. Besides the railroads there is an electric line 
that connects it with Kansas City. It is a center of many fine rock 
roads, which add much to the 
business interests of the place, 
by furnishing easy means of 
transportation from the country 
to the city. There are several 
important manufacturing plants 
in the town. Population, 
6,9()4. 

Chillicothe is the county seat 
of Livingston County. It has 
three trunk lines of railroad 
which reacli a line agricultural 
region. Stock raising and gen- 
eral farming predominate, 
large quantities of tine cattle 
being raised, especially Here- 
fords, Shorthorns, and Gallo- 
w^ays. Chillicothe is an im- 
portant market for mules and 
horses. The Industrial School 
for (lirls is located here, also 
the Chillicothe Normal School, 
a private institution for the training of teachers. Population, (!,*.K)5. 

Aurora is a vigorous nnning towai in Lawrence County. It has 
Avater works, gas and electric lights. It is in the fruit-growing sec- 
tion of the state, and a large amount of apples and small fruit is 
raised each year. Lead and zinc are found in paying quantities in 
the vicinity. The streets are paved with gravel. Population, 
6,191. 

Kirksville, the county seat of Adair County, has two railroads, 
(me extending east and west and the otlier north and south. Tlie 
making of ax handles, wagons, and buggies form special industries. 
Tlie city is surrounded by prairie land witli the exception of the 
section to tlie west. Crain, bay, and fruit are important products 




Fig. 37. 
In the Cypress Swamps in Southeast ]Missouri. 



56 



MISSOURI 



of the farms. The E'irst District Normal School is located in this 
town. Population, 6,966. 

Columbia, the county seat of Boone County, is near the center of 
the state. It is in a rich country devoted to stock raising and gen- 
eral agriculture. Two academies, two female colleges, a Bible col- 
lege, and the University of Missouri are located in the place. While 

no main line railroad 
enters the town, there 
are two spurs or branches. 
The town is the greatest 
educational center in the 
state. Population, 5,651. 
De Soto is forty-three 
miles south of St. Louis 
on the Iron Mountain 
Railroad. It has an agri- 
cultural implement fac- 
tory, makes large quanti- 
ties of flour, and has the 
repair railroad shops. 
Population, 5,611. 

Brookfield is an impor- 
tant town in Linn County, 
halfway between Hannibal 
and St. Joseph. Cattle 
and corn are important 
products, and horses and 
mules contribute large 
amounts to the annual sur- 
plus of the countr}^ It is in the coal area, and many carloads of 
coal are sliipped in addition to the quantities consumed at home. 
The town has good railroad facilities. Population, 5,484. 

Trenton is one of the best towns in the northern part of the 
state. It is the seat of government of Grundy County. It has two 
good railroads, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and the 
Quincy, Omaha and Kansas City. It has car shops, a canning fac- 
tory, and flour and corn-meal mills. Coal of good quality and in large 
amounts is mined in the immediate locality, the vein being eighteen 
inches in thickness. Population, 5,396. 

Louisiana is a progressive town in Pike County, on the Alissis- 




FiG. 38. 

A Beautiful Scene among the Many in the Southern 

Part of the State. 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE 57 

sippi River. A sash-and-door plant, a pearl button factory, lime works, 
and an extensive cement plant are among the industries of the 
place. The soil of the surrounding country is very rich, and large 
amounts of farm products are raised. Very large nursery interests 
are found here also. Population, 5,131. 

Mexico, the county seat of Audrain County, is located on two 
railroads. (Name them.) It has good business interests and is lo- 
cated in a fine farming community. Corn, wheat, and oats are im- 
portant farm products, while cattle and fine horses are extensively 
raised for the markets. The public schools are among the best in 
the state. Population, 5,099. 

Marshall is the county seat of Saline County, one of the richest 
counties in the state. It is in a wheat-raising section, and the manu- 
facture of flour is a large industry in the place. The Missouri Val- 
ley College and the Colony ior the Feeble-minded are both here, and 
both are well equij)ped for their work. The Missouri Pacific and 
the Chicago and Alton railroads pass through the place. Population, 
5,086. 

Clinton, the county seat of Henry County, is in a very pretty 
country. The flour-mill interests are large, as the town is in a good 
wheat section. Stock and agricultural interests are also very large. 
P"'ine cattle and fine horses receive a large amount of attention. 
One of the largest tile works in the country is in Clinton. Trans- 
[)ortation facilities are good, there being three railroads through the 
[)lace. Population, 5,061. 

Qt^ESTiONS. — (1) Wliat are the manufacturing plants in your town or in the 
town nearest your home? What are tlie forces which led to their establishment? 
(2) Name three services performed for the people by the city or town. (3) Name 
the conditions which contributed most largely to the growth of each of the large 
cities in the state. (4) What reasons can be assigned for the location of so 
many large towns in southwest Missouri? (5) Can any explanation be given of 
the fact that the three large cities of the state are located on the large rivers? 



58 



APPENDIX 



VALUE OF SURPLUS PRODUCTS BY COUNTIES, 1906 



Adair 

Andrew 

Atfhison 

Audrain 

Barry 

Barton 

Bates 

Benton 

Bollinger 

Boone 

Buchanan 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Callaway 

Camden 

Cape Girardeau 

Carroll 

Carter 

Cass 

Cedar 

Chariton 

Christian 

Clark 

Clay 

(Uiiitou 

Cole 

Cooper 

Crawford 

Dade 

Dallas 

Daviess 

DeKalb 

Dent 

Douglas 

Dunklin 

Franklin 

Gasconade 

Gentry 

Greene 

Grundy 

Harrison 

Henry 

Hickory 

Holt ./. 

Howard 

Howell 

Iron 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Johnson 

Knox 

Laclede 

Lafayette 

Lawrence 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Linn 



SI, 



770,970 
;,2!I5,740 

:,()r)(),77;; 
:,.s2:i.:!.Vi 
,4< is. ill's 

;,()2ii.;Mti 
;,72i,.Vis 
,or)(;,7(;.-. 
6;»(i,4.-d 
;,.s7(i,'.i4'_' 
i,;32(;,ios 

:,122,4;!0 
;,050,714 

:,3S2,(!r)0 

(346,1()0 

i.2i)r),23(j 

,2:57,214 
il!)l,185 

s.S()2,77() 
!)()7.57(; 

v'-jio-'ur. 

,14(>,S2() 

,8;i5.2S2 

:,!»s7,."i;;(; 

:,8()2,342 
:,318.570 

,914,(;!i:! 

8! 10,; 124 

,o;i:i,s',is 
n(;2.(;7ii 

Kid.lL'o 
854.2.-.!) 
,2(i(;.lS(; 



Livingston 
:\IcD('.nald 
-Macon .... 
Aladisou .. 
.M.-iries .... 



Marion 

.Mcivcr 

Miller 

Mississippi . . 

Moniteau 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

New Madrid. 

Newton 

Nodaway 

Oregon 

Osa.ge 

Ozark 

Pemiscot 

Perry 

Pettis 

I'helps 

, Pike 

Platte 

Polk 

I Pulaski 

Putnam 

Halls 

Kandolph . . . 

ivav 



i;ipi,- 



,5;.«i,-is4 

,(i07,52:3 
,4!)0,782 

,735,787 

"551!. ■;'.•! 
,741,t)0-j 
,(i90,172 
,104,S74 
94r),87'.l 
,.544,! Ku 
,040.7(10 

^843',()iiii 
,315,<».-.S 
844 .(iO(; 
,271,2S7 
,(i5!»,4"i7 
,71(i,47S 
,74;i,.50(; 
,526,192 



."^t. Prani^-ois . . . 
Sle. Genevieve 

St. Louis 

Saline 

Schuyler 

Scotland 



Stoddard . . 

Stone 

Sullivan 

Taney 

Texas 

Vernon 

W.irren 

Washington 
AVavne '..... 
Wei.ster ... 

Worth 

AVri-ht .... 



Total value, all counties. 



S 2,-304,394 

904,350 
3,961,135 
1,763,608 

576,2/30 
2,334,583 
1,091,400 

603,119 
2,956,298 
1,389,591 
2,721,147 
1,837,977 

795,191 
3,469,915 
3,419,015 
5,024,236 

5(i0,105 
1,301,024 

551,572 
2,904,409 
1,430,431 
5,167,7.35 

8.38,019 
4,136,058 
3,399,580 
1,750,393 

856,757 
1,498,425 
4,701,898 
2.(;:i6,838 
3,019,958 
1,209,236 

771,461 
2,-537,515 
1,177,918 
11,151,240 
1,120,562 
6,681,106 
6,928,076 
1,704,805 
1,153,8.51 
3,982,905 

709,-337 
2,709,151 
3,080,253 

419,003 
1,976,7:!8 

700,880 

798,03!) 
3,736,473 
1,054,363 

627,079 
1,-548,928 
1,494,618 
1,033,362 

773,681 



; 291,921,946 



APPENDIX 



59 



STATISTICS OF COUNTIES 



County, County Seat 



Kiikf^ 



ille .. 
Miiiih 
kport. 



Ada 

Aiidn'w, Sa 
Atcliisuii. i; 

All.llllill. MrXU-i, 

IJaiTs. ( ;i-.\ill,. 

Baiiuii, l.aiiKir 

l'.atr>. IWiil.-r 

Benton, Warsaw 

B..llin-rr. .Marble Hill 
Boone, C'ohiiiibia 



i,se])l 
luff 



Butler, Poplar Bl 
Caldwell, Kingston 

Callawav. Fufton 

Camden', Linnereek 

C'aiM' (Jirardeau. (same) 
Carndl, Carrollton ... 
Carter, Van Buren ... 
Cass, Hanisonvilli' . . 

Cedar, Stockton 

Chariton, Kevtesville. 

Cliristian. O/ark 

Clark, Kahoka 

Clav. Liberty 

Clinton. Blaitsburu'. . . 
Cole, JetTers,ni CilV .. 
Cooper, I'.ncnville:... 
Crawlonl, Sleelville . 

Dade, (uventiel.l 

Dallas, i'.nllalo 

Daxievs. Callatin .... 
DeKalb, .Mayville .... 

Dent, Salem 

Doti,iila.s, Ava 

Duidvlin, Keniiett .... 

Franklin, rnion 

(laseonade, Hermjiiiii. 

(ientry. Albany 

(Jreen. Siirin^tield 

(irnndy, Trenton 

Harri.s'on, Bethany • ■ . 
Henry, Clinton.."..... 
Hiekorv, Hermita.tje . 
Holt, (ireKon ....".... 

Howard, Favette 

Howell, AVest Plain .. 
Iron, (iraiiiteville .... 
Jaekson. Independenc 

Jasper, Cartha-e 

Jefferson, llillsboro ., 
JohiKSon, AVarrensbiin 

Kiio.x. Edina ' 

Laclede, Lebanon ... 
Lafayette, Lexington 
Lawrence, Mt. Yernoi 
LewLs, Monticello ... 

Lincoln, Troy 

Linn, Liuneiis 



5(il 
41.'0 
5;?'2 
680 
7<)0 
5<)0 
874 
820 
010 
()80 
417 
702 
42(i 
8;5() 
702 
570 
(;8f> 

r.0() 

712 
491 
740 
551 
404 
407 
417 
oiW 
5(i2 
747 
493 
530 
531 
420 
7(i8 
809 
531 
880 
518 
492 
()()8 
432 
730 
740 
408 
4(10 
450 
!K)7 
555 
(i07 
632 
687 
835 
504 
729 
604 
612 
500 
613 
620 



21,728 
17,332 
16,501 
21,160 
25,5;i2 
18.2.-)3 
30,111 
16,.5.".f; 

14, ( ;.-.(• 

28,(i42 
121,838 
16,759 
16,656 
5"),984 
13,113 
24,315 
26,4.-..-, 
(i.7n(; 
23,6: Ki 
l(i,9j:; 
2(;,S2(; 
16. 9.;'. I 
I5,;!,s:; 

18,<K)3 
17.3(i2 
20,.-)78 
22,532 
12,959 
18,125 
13,903 
21,3-J5 
14,41S 
12, 9S); 
16,802 
21,7(M) 
30,581 
12,298 
20,554 
52,713 
17,832 
24,898 
28,055 

17"os3 

18,3:!7 

1.8:u 
8,716 
195.193 
84,018 
25,712 
27.84:; 
13,47'.' 
16,52:; 
31,679 
31,662 
16,724 
18,3,52 
25,503 



County, County Seat 



Livingston, Chillicothe 
McDonald, Pineville... 

Macon, (same) 

Alailison. Fredericktowi 

.Marii's, Vienna 

Marion, Palmyra 

Ml i<'er, Princeton 

Millrr, Tiiscumbia 

.Mis>w.ippi. Charleston 
M.Mjiteau, California .. 

Monroe, Paris 

Montgomery, Danvilb; 
Morgan, Versailles .... 
New Madrid, (same) . . 

Newton, Neosho 

Nodaway, Mary ville . . 

Ore-(Mi, 'Alton 

Osaue, Linn 

Ozaik. (;ainesville .... 

IVr'i'r.'rerrx ville .'.... 

I'eltis, Sr.hili;, 

rih'Ips, Holla 

Pike. Bowling (ireen .. 

Platte. I'latti' City 

Polk, Bolivar ..:. 

Pulaski, AVaynesville . 
Putnam, Unionville . .. 
Ralls, New Lt)ndon .... 
Bandulph, Hmitsville . 

Kav. Kichmond 

i;.Mi..l(ls, Centerville , 

Bililey, Doniphan 

St. Charles, (same) 

St. Clair, O.sceola 

Ste. Genevieve, (same) 
St. Francois, Farmington 
St. Louis, Clayton . . 

St. Louis city" 

Saline, Marshall 

Schuyler, Lancaster . 
Scotland, Memphis . . 

Scott, I'.eiiton 

Shannon, Eminen.'e . 
Shelby, Shelbyville. . 
Stoddard, Bloomtield 



Sullivan, Milan .. 
Taney, Forsvtbe . 
Texas. Ihinston .. 
\-eriiun. Nevada.. 
W-Avrru. Warrent. 
Wasbinuton, Poto; 



W ; 



■nvillt 



Webster, iMar.shHeld. 
Worth, (irant City . . 
Wright, Hartville . . . 



532 
523 
828 
495 
530 
432 
451 
597 
417 
410 
()66 
514 
(il2 
()54 
(i29 
8(!4 
787 
(106 
747 
.509 
4()8 



620 
410 
(i33 

518 
480 
489 
5()1 
830 
()23 
4.5() 
705 
493 
4()0 
483 
61 
820 
»)2 
453 
416 
993 
509 
833 
.509 
()48 
648 
11.57 
8:;!) 
410 
744 
770 
.579 
2(54 
673 



22,.302 
13,.574 
43,018 
9,975 
9,616 
26,-331 
14,706 
15,187 
11,837 
15,931 
19,71(i 
16.571 
12,175 
11.280 
27,001 

:!2,9:i8 

i:!,906 
14,096 
12.145 
12,115 

l5,i;;4 

32,4;!8 
14,194 
25,744 
16,193 
23.255 
10.:i!l4 
](i.688 
12.287 
24.442 
24,805 
8,161 

i:;,186 
44.474 
17,907 
10,3.59 
24,051 
50,040 
5.55,2158 
3;!, 703 
10.840 
i;j,232 
13,092 
11,247 
16,167 
24,(i69 
9.892 
20.282 
10.127 
19.192 
31.619 



14,263 
15.;;09 
1(;,640 



60 



APPENDIX 



CITIES WITH POPULATION BETWEEN 1,000 AND 3,000 AND THE 
RANK OF EACH IN THE STATE 



Pop. 

1900 



Pop. 

1900 



Albany 

Appleton 

Ash Grove 

Belton 

Bethany 

Bevier 

Bloomtield 

Bolivar 

Bowling Green . . 

Brecken ridge 

Brunswick 

California 

Cameron 

Canton 

Carl Junction 

Caruthersville . . . 

Centralia 

Charleston 

Clarence 

Deepwater 

Dexter 

Doniphan 

Edina 

Eldorado Springs. 
Excelsior Springs 

Farmington 

Fayette 

Ferguson 

Festus 

Fredriektown . . . . 

Gallatin 

Glasgow 

Granby 

Grant City 

Greenfield 

Greenville 



2,025 
1,133 

1,(139 
1,1111,-, 
2,o',i:l 

1,S(K 

1.4T5 
1,869 
1,902 
1,012 
1,403 
2,181 
2.979 
2,865 
1,177 
2,315 
1,722 
1,893 
1,184 
1,201 
1,802 
1,.'".0S 
1,00,-, 
2.137 

1,851 

1,778 
2,717 
1,015 
1,256 
1,577 
1,780 
1,672 
2,315 
1,406 
1,406 
1,051 



Hamilton 

Ilarrisonville 

Hcnnaiin 

lli-li.-.- 

lliL-iIl^ville 

llold.-n 

Huntsville 

Humansville .... 

Jackson 

Kahoka 

Kennett 

Key tesville 

Kirkwood 

La Grange 

Lamar 

La Plata 

Lathrop 

Lebanon 

Lee's Sumnut .. . 

Liberty 

.M.alden 

Manvlinc 

Mai-i..iiville 

M'"'l>l'i.^ 

Mihiii 

Monroe City .... 
Montgomery City 

Mound City 

Mountain Grove . 
Mount Vernon .. 

Neosho 

New Franklin .. . 

New Madrid 

Norborne 

Odessa ' 

Oregon 



1,804 
1,844 
1,575 
1,151 
2,791 
2.126 
1,805 
],(155 
1,6,^)8 
1,818 
1,.509 
1,127 
2,825 
1,.507 

L345 
1,118 
2,125 
1,453 
2.407 
1.402 
2,6:30 
1,290 
2,195 
1,757 
],929 
2,(126 
1,681 
1.004 
1,206 
2,725 
1,156 
1,489 
1,1^9 
1,445 
1,032 



Oronogo 

Osceola 

Pacific 

Palmyra 

Paris" 

Pattonsburg . . . 

Pierce City 

Plattsburg 

Pleasant Hill... 

Princeton 

R()ck[)ort 

Kolla 

Salem 

Salisbury 

Sarcoxie . . . 

Savannah 

Seneca 

Shelbina 

Sikeston 

Slater 

Stanberry 

Ste. Genevifve . 
Sweet Springs., 

Tarkio 

Thayer 

Tipton 

Troy 

Unionville 

Vandalia 

Ver.sailles 

Webster Groves 

Wellsville 

Weston 

West Plains. ... 
Willow Springs 
Windsor 



2,073 
1,037 
1,213 
2.323 
1,397 
1,065 
2.151 
1,878 
2,002 
1,575 
1,080 
1,600 
1,481 
1,847 
1,126 
1,886 
1,043 
1,733 
1,077 
2,504 
2,652 
1,707 
1,080 
1,901 
1,276 
1,337 
1,153 
2,050 
1,168 
1,240 
1,895 
1,160 
1,019 
2.902 
1,078 
1,502 



CITIES WITH POPULATION OF 3,000 AND OVER, WITH RANK IN THE 

STATE 



Cities 


i 


Pop. 
1900 


Cities 


i 

" 7. 


Pop. 
1900 


Cities 


i < 
-1 '^- 


Pop. 

1900 


Aurora 


16 
31 
20 

27 
36 
30 

9 
15 
25 
18 
19 
26 

7 


6,191 
4,377 
5,484 
3,158 
4,815 
3,854 
4,445 
9,416 
6,905 
5,061 
5,651 
5,611 

12i780 


Independence 

Jefferson City . . . 


14 
8 
4 
2 
17 
33 
22 
34 
24 
29 

11 
39 
13 


6,974 
9,664 
26,023 
163,752 
5,966 
4,190 
5,131 
4,068 
5,086 
4,577 
5,090 
8,012 
3,115 
7,461 


Poplar Bluff ... 

Itich Hill 

Richmond 

St. Charles 

St. Joseph 

St. Louis 

Sedalia 

Springfield 

Trenton 

Warrensburg ... 

Washington 

Webb City 


32 
35 
37 
12 

1 
6 
5 

21 
28 
40 
10 




Boonville 

Brookfield 


4,053 
3,478 
7,982 
102,979 
575,238 
15,231 
23,267 
5,396 
4,724 
3.015 
9,201 


Butler 

Cape Girardeau . . 

CarroUton 

Carterville 

Carthage 

Chillicothe 

Clinton 

Columbia 

DeSoto 

Fulton 


Kansas City 

Kirksville 

Lexington 

Louisiana 

Macon 

Marshall 

Maryville 

Me.Kico 

Moberly 

Monett 









NEW 
PHYSICAL GEOGR.APHY 

By 

RALPH S. TARR, B.S., F.G.S.A. 

Professor in Cornell University, and co-aulhor of ike Tarr and McMurry Geographiei 

Price $1.00 

Modern. This being the latest book on the subject, the author has 
been able to describe the results of the most recent investigations into 
important physical phenomena, such as the eruption of Mont Pelee. 

Arrangement. For the first time a text-book in the science has 
been prepared that proceeds from the simple to the complex. The 
study of springs, rivers, valleys, mountains, and hills introduces the 
pupil to the study, while the study of the atmosphere, the v^eather, 
and more difficult subjects is presented near the end of the book. 

Application. As each new principle is presented, it is applied to 
definite localities with which the pupil is already acquainted. This 
method increases the child's interest in the study. 

Illustrations. There are 568 photographs of the places mentioned 
in the text. Next to being on the ground, these views are the best 
aid to teacher and pupil. No other text-book can compare with 
Professor Tarr's work in this feature. 

Human Element. In the chapters on the Physiography of the 
United States, Rivers of the United States, Distribution of Plants, 
Distribution of Animals, and Man and Nature, the effects and opera- 
tions of physiographic laws are clearly and interestingly shown. 

Teachable. By means of a summary at the close of each para> 
graph, of Review Questions and Topics at the end of each chapter, 
and of simple home experiment directions, the book becomes by far 
the simplest high-school text-book on the market. 



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•Addison's Sir Roger de Coverley. 

Browning's Shorter Poems. 

Mrs. Browning's Poems (Selections from). 

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SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME 



MISSOURI 



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1908 

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